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 # export-to-postgresql.py: export perf data to a postgresql database
 # Copyright (c) 2014, Intel Corporation.
 #
 # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 # under the terms and conditions of the GNU General Public License,
 # version 2, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
 #
 # This program is distributed in the hope it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for
 # more details.
 
 from __future__ import print_function
 
 import os
 import sys
 import struct
 import datetime
 
 # To use this script you will need to have installed package python-pyside which
 # provides LGPL-licensed Python bindings for Qt.  You will also need the package
 # libqt4-sql-psql for Qt postgresql support.
 #
 # The script assumes postgresql is running on the local machine and that the
 # user has postgresql permissions to create databases. Examples of installing
 # postgresql and adding such a user are:
 #
 # fedora:
 #
 #   $ sudo yum install postgresql postgresql-server qt-postgresql
 #   $ sudo su - postgres -c initdb
 #   $ sudo service postgresql start
 #   $ sudo su - postgres
 #   $ createuser -s <your user id here>    # Older versions may not support -s, in which case answer the prompt below:
 #   Shall the new role be a superuser? (y/n) y
 #   $ sudo yum install python-pyside
 #
 #   Alternately, to use Python3 and/or pyside 2, one of the following:
 #       $ sudo yum install python3-pyside
 #       $ pip install --user PySide2
 #       $ pip3 install --user PySide2
 #
 # ubuntu:
 #
 #   $ sudo apt-get install postgresql
 #   $ sudo su - postgres
 #   $ createuser -s <your user id here>
 #   $ sudo apt-get install python-pyside.qtsql libqt4-sql-psql
 #
 #   Alternately, to use Python3 and/or pyside 2, one of the following:
 #
 #       $ sudo apt-get install python3-pyside.qtsql libqt4-sql-psql
 #       $ sudo apt-get install python-pyside2.qtsql libqt5sql5-psql
 #       $ sudo apt-get install python3-pyside2.qtsql libqt5sql5-psql
 #
 # An example of using this script with Intel PT:
 #
 #   $ perf record -e intel_pt//u ls
 #   $ perf script -s ~/libexec/perf-core/scripts/python/export-to-postgresql.py pt_example branches calls
 #   2015-05-29 12:49:23.464364 Creating database...
 #   2015-05-29 12:49:26.281717 Writing to intermediate files...
 #   2015-05-29 12:49:27.190383 Copying to database...
 #   2015-05-29 12:49:28.140451 Removing intermediate files...
 #   2015-05-29 12:49:28.147451 Adding primary keys
 #   2015-05-29 12:49:28.655683 Adding foreign keys
 #   2015-05-29 12:49:29.365350 Done
 #
 # To browse the database, psql can be used e.g.
 #
 #   $ psql pt_example
 #   pt_example=# select * from samples_view where id < 100;
 #   pt_example=# \d+
 #   pt_example=# \d+ samples_view
 #   pt_example=# \q
 #
 # An example of using the database is provided by the script
 # exported-sql-viewer.py.  Refer to that script for details.
 #
 # Tables:
 #
 #   The tables largely correspond to perf tools' data structures.  They are largely self-explanatory.
 #
 #   samples
 #
 #       'samples' is the main table. It represents what instruction was executing at a point in time
 #       when something (a selected event) happened.  The memory address is the instruction pointer or 'ip'.
 #
 #   calls
 #
 #       'calls' represents function calls and is related to 'samples' by 'call_id' and 'return_id'.
 #       'calls' is only created when the 'calls' option to this script is specified.
 #
 #   call_paths
 #
 #       'call_paths' represents all the call stacks.  Each 'call' has an associated record in 'call_paths'.
 #       'calls_paths' is only created when the 'calls' option to this script is specified.
 #
 #   branch_types
 #
 #       'branch_types' provides descriptions for each type of branch.
 #
 #   comm_threads
 #
 #       'comm_threads' shows how 'comms' relates to 'threads'.
 #
 #   comms
 #
 #       'comms' contains a record for each 'comm' - the name given to the executable that is running.
 #
 #   dsos
 #
 #       'dsos' contains a record for each executable file or library.
 #
 #   machines
 #
 #       'machines' can be used to distinguish virtual machines if virtualization is supported.
 #
 #   selected_events
 #
 #       'selected_events' contains a record for each kind of event that has been sampled.
 #
 #   symbols
 #
 #       'symbols' contains a record for each symbol.  Only symbols that have samples are present.
 #
 #   threads
 #
 #       'threads' contains a record for each thread.
 #
 # Views:
 #
 #   Most of the tables have views for more friendly display.  The views are:
 #
 #       calls_view
 #       call_paths_view
 #       comm_threads_view
 #       dsos_view
 #       machines_view
 #       samples_view
 #       symbols_view
 #       threads_view
 #
 # More examples of browsing the database with psql:
 #   Note that some of the examples are not the most optimal SQL query.
 #   Note that call information is only available if the script's 'calls' option has been used.
 #
 #   Top 10 function calls (not aggregated by symbol):
 #
 #       SELECT * FROM calls_view ORDER BY elapsed_time DESC LIMIT 10;
 #
 #   Top 10 function calls (aggregated by symbol):
 #
 #       SELECT symbol_id,(SELECT name FROM symbols WHERE id = symbol_id) AS symbol,
 #           SUM(elapsed_time) AS tot_elapsed_time,SUM(branch_count) AS tot_branch_count
 #           FROM calls_view GROUP BY symbol_id ORDER BY tot_elapsed_time DESC LIMIT 10;
 #
 #       Note that the branch count gives a rough estimation of cpu usage, so functions
 #       that took a long time but have a relatively low branch count must have spent time
 #       waiting.
 #
 #   Find symbols by pattern matching on part of the name (e.g. names containing 'alloc'):
 #
 #       SELECT * FROM symbols_view WHERE name LIKE '%alloc%';
 #
 #   Top 10 function calls for a specific symbol (e.g. whose symbol_id is 187):
 #
 #       SELECT * FROM calls_view WHERE symbol_id = 187 ORDER BY elapsed_time DESC LIMIT 10;
 #
 #   Show function calls made by function in the same context (i.e. same call path) (e.g. one with call_path_id 254):
 #
 #       SELECT * FROM calls_view WHERE parent_call_path_id = 254;
 #
 #   Show branches made during a function call (e.g. where call_id is 29357 and return_id is 29370 and tid is 29670)
 #
 #       SELECT * FROM samples_view WHERE id >= 29357 AND id <= 29370 AND tid = 29670 AND event LIKE 'branches%';
 #
 #   Show transactions:
 #
 #       SELECT * FROM samples_view WHERE event = 'transactions';
 #
 #       Note transaction start has 'in_tx' true whereas, transaction end has 'in_tx' false.
 #       Transaction aborts have branch_type_name 'transaction abort'
 #
 #   Show transaction aborts:
 #
 #       SELECT * FROM samples_view WHERE event = 'transactions' AND branch_type_name = 'transaction abort';
 #
 # To print a call stack requires walking the call_paths table.  For example this python script:
 #   #!/usr/bin/python2
 #
 #   import sys
 #   from PySide.QtSql import *
 #
 #   if __name__ == '__main__':
 #           if (len(sys.argv) < 3):
 #                   print >> sys.stderr, "Usage is: printcallstack.py <database name> <call_path_id>"
 #                   raise Exception("Too few arguments")
 #           dbname = sys.argv[1]
 #           call_path_id = sys.argv[2]
 #           db = QSqlDatabase.addDatabase('QPSQL')
 #           db.setDatabaseName(dbname)
 #           if not db.open():
 #                   raise Exception("Failed to open database " + dbname + " error: " + db.lastError().text())
 #           query = QSqlQuery(db)
 #           print "    id          ip  symbol_id  symbol                          dso_id  dso_short_name"
 #           while call_path_id != 0 and call_path_id != 1:
 #                   ret = query.exec_('SELECT * FROM call_paths_view WHERE id = ' + str(call_path_id))
 #                   if not ret:
 #                           raise Exception("Query failed: " + query.lastError().text())
 #                   if not query.next():
 #                           raise Exception("Query failed")
 #                   print "{0:>6}  {1:>10}  {2:>9}  {3:<30}  {4:>6}  {5:<30}".format(query.value(0), query.value(1), query.value(2), query.value(3), query.value(4), query.value(5))
 #                   call_path_id = query.value(6)
 
 pyside_version_1 = True
 if not "pyside-version-1" in sys.argv:
     try:
         from PySide2.QtSql import *
         pyside_version_1 = False
     except:
         pass
 
 if pyside_version_1:
     from PySide.QtSql import *
 
 if sys.version_info < (3, 0):
     def toserverstr(str):
         return str
     def toclientstr(str):
         return str
 else:
     # Assume UTF-8 server_encoding and client_encoding
     def toserverstr(str):
         return bytes(str, "UTF_8")
     def toclientstr(str):
         return bytes(str, "UTF_8")
 
 # Need to access PostgreSQL C library directly to use COPY FROM STDIN
 from ctypes import *
 libpq = CDLL("libpq.so.5")
 PQconnectdb = libpq.PQconnectdb
 PQconnectdb.restype = c_void_p
 PQconnectdb.argtypes = [ c_char_p ]
 PQfinish = libpq.PQfinish
 PQfinish.argtypes = [ c_void_p ]
 PQstatus = libpq.PQstatus
 PQstatus.restype = c_int
 PQstatus.argtypes = [ c_void_p ]
 PQexec = libpq.PQexec
 PQexec.restype = c_void_p
 PQexec.argtypes = [ c_void_p, c_char_p ]
 PQresultStatus = libpq.PQresultStatus
 PQresultStatus.restype = c_int
 PQresultStatus.argtypes = [ c_void_p ]
 PQputCopyData = libpq.PQputCopyData
 PQputCopyData.restype = c_int
 PQputCopyData.argtypes = [ c_void_p, c_void_p, c_int ]
 PQputCopyEnd = libpq.PQputCopyEnd
 PQputCopyEnd.restype = c_int
 PQputCopyEnd.argtypes = [ c_void_p, c_void_p ]
 
 sys.path.append(os.environ['PERF_EXEC_PATH'] + \
     '/scripts/python/Perf-Trace-Util/lib/Perf/Trace')
 
 # These perf imports are not used at present
 #from perf_trace_context import *
 #from Core import *
 
 perf_db_export_mode = True
 perf_db_export_calls = False
 perf_db_export_callchains = False
 
 def printerr(*args, **kw_args):
     print(*args, file=sys.stderr, **kw_args)
 
 def printdate(*args, **kw_args):
         print(datetime.datetime.today(), *args, sep=' ', **kw_args)
 
 def usage():
     printerr("Usage is: export-to-postgresql.py <database name> [<columns>] [<calls>] [<callchains>] [<pyside-version-1>]");
     printerr("where:  columns            'all' or 'branches'");
     printerr("        calls              'calls' => create calls and call_paths table");
     printerr("        callchains         'callchains' => create call_paths table");
     printerr("        pyside-version-1   'pyside-version-1' => use pyside version 1");
     raise Exception("Too few or bad arguments")
 
 if (len(sys.argv) < 2):
     usage()
 
 dbname = sys.argv[1]
 
 if (len(sys.argv) >= 3):
     columns = sys.argv[2]
 else:
     columns = "all"
 
 if columns not in ("all", "branches"):
     usage()
 
 branches = (columns == "branches")
 
 for i in range(3,len(sys.argv)):
     if (sys.argv[i] == "calls"):
         perf_db_export_calls = True
     elif (sys.argv[i] == "callchains"):
         perf_db_export_callchains = True
     elif (sys.argv[i] == "pyside-version-1"):
         pass
     else:
         usage()
 
 output_dir_name = os.getcwd() + "/" + dbname + "-perf-data"
 os.mkdir(output_dir_name)
 
 def do_query(q, s):
     if (q.exec_(s)):
         return
     raise Exception("Query failed: " + q.lastError().text())
 
 printdate("Creating database...")
 
 db = QSqlDatabase.addDatabase('QPSQL')
 query = QSqlQuery(db)
 db.setDatabaseName('postgres')
 db.open()
 try:
     do_query(query, 'CREATE DATABASE ' + dbname)
 except:
     os.rmdir(output_dir_name)
     raise
 query.finish()
 query.clear()
 db.close()
 
 db.setDatabaseName(dbname)
 db.open()
 
 query = QSqlQuery(db)
 do_query(query, 'SET client_min_messages TO WARNING')
 
 do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE selected_events ('
         'id     bigint      NOT NULL,'
         'name       varchar(80))')
 do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE machines ('
         'id     bigint      NOT NULL,'
         'pid        integer,'
         'root_dir   varchar(4096))')
 do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE threads ('
         'id     bigint      NOT NULL,'
         'machine_id bigint,'
         'process_id bigint,'
         'pid        integer,'
         'tid        integer)')
 do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE comms ('
         'id     bigint      NOT NULL,'
         'comm       varchar(16),'
         'c_thread_id    bigint,'
         'c_time     bigint,'
         'exec_flag  boolean)')
 do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE comm_threads ('
         'id     bigint      NOT NULL,'
         'comm_id    bigint,'
         'thread_id  bigint)')
 do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE dsos ('
         'id     bigint      NOT NULL,'
         'machine_id bigint,'
         'short_name varchar(256),'
         'long_name  varchar(4096),'
         'build_id   varchar(64))')
 do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE symbols ('
         'id     bigint      NOT NULL,'
         'dso_id     bigint,'
         'sym_start  bigint,'
         'sym_end    bigint,'
         'binding    integer,'
         'name       varchar(2048))')
 do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE branch_types ('
         'id     integer     NOT NULL,'
         'name       varchar(80))')
 
 if branches:
     do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE samples ('
         'id     bigint      NOT NULL,'
         'evsel_id   bigint,'
         'machine_id bigint,'
         'thread_id  bigint,'
         'comm_id    bigint,'
         'dso_id     bigint,'
         'symbol_id  bigint,'
         'sym_offset bigint,'
         'ip     bigint,'
         'time       bigint,'
         'cpu        integer,'
         'to_dso_id  bigint,'
         'to_symbol_id   bigint,'
         'to_sym_offset  bigint,'
         'to_ip      bigint,'
         'branch_type    integer,'
         'in_tx      boolean,'
         'call_path_id   bigint,'
         'insn_count bigint,'
         'cyc_count  bigint,'
         'flags      integer)')
 else:
     do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE samples ('
         'id     bigint      NOT NULL,'
         'evsel_id   bigint,'
         'machine_id bigint,'
         'thread_id  bigint,'
         'comm_id    bigint,'
         'dso_id     bigint,'
         'symbol_id  bigint,'
         'sym_offset bigint,'
         'ip     bigint,'
         'time       bigint,'
         'cpu        integer,'
         'to_dso_id  bigint,'
         'to_symbol_id   bigint,'
         'to_sym_offset  bigint,'
         'to_ip      bigint,'
         'period     bigint,'
         'weight     bigint,'
         'transaction    bigint,'
         'data_src   bigint,'
         'branch_type    integer,'
         'in_tx      boolean,'
         'call_path_id   bigint,'
         'insn_count bigint,'
         'cyc_count  bigint,'
         'flags      integer)')
 
 if perf_db_export_calls or perf_db_export_callchains:
     do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE call_paths ('
         'id     bigint      NOT NULL,'
         'parent_id  bigint,'
         'symbol_id  bigint,'
         'ip     bigint)')
 if perf_db_export_calls:
     do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE calls ('
         'id     bigint      NOT NULL,'
         'thread_id  bigint,'
         'comm_id    bigint,'
         'call_path_id   bigint,'
         'call_time  bigint,'
         'return_time    bigint,'
         'branch_count   bigint,'
         'call_id    bigint,'
         'return_id  bigint,'
         'parent_call_path_id    bigint,'
         'flags      integer,'
         'parent_id  bigint,'
         'insn_count bigint,'
         'cyc_count  bigint)')
 
 do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE ptwrite ('
     'id     bigint      NOT NULL,'
     'payload    bigint,'
     'exact_ip   boolean)')
 
 do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE cbr ('
     'id     bigint      NOT NULL,'
     'cbr        integer,'
     'mhz        integer,'
     'percent    integer)')
 
 do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE mwait ('
     'id     bigint      NOT NULL,'
     'hints      integer,'
     'extensions integer)')
 
 do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE pwre ('
     'id     bigint      NOT NULL,'
     'cstate     integer,'
     'subcstate  integer,'
     'hw     boolean)')
 
 do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE exstop ('
     'id     bigint      NOT NULL,'
     'exact_ip   boolean)')
 
 do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE pwrx ('
     'id     bigint      NOT NULL,'
     'deepest_cstate integer,'
     'last_cstate    integer,'
     'wake_reason    integer)')
 
 do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE context_switches ('
         'id     bigint      NOT NULL,'
         'machine_id bigint,'
         'time       bigint,'
         'cpu        integer,'
         'thread_out_id  bigint,'
         'comm_out_id    bigint,'
         'thread_in_id   bigint,'
         'comm_in_id bigint,'
         'flags      integer)')
 
 do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW machines_view AS '
     'SELECT '
         'id,'
         'pid,'
         'root_dir,'
         'CASE WHEN id=0 THEN \'unknown\' WHEN pid=-1 THEN \'host\' ELSE \'guest\' END AS host_or_guest'
     ' FROM machines')
 
 do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW dsos_view AS '
     'SELECT '
         'id,'
         'machine_id,'
         '(SELECT host_or_guest FROM machines_view WHERE id = machine_id) AS host_or_guest,'
         'short_name,'
         'long_name,'
         'build_id'
     ' FROM dsos')
 
 do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW symbols_view AS '
     'SELECT '
         'id,'
         'name,'
         '(SELECT short_name FROM dsos WHERE id=dso_id) AS dso,'
         'dso_id,'
         'sym_start,'
         'sym_end,'
         'CASE WHEN binding=0 THEN \'local\' WHEN binding=1 THEN \'global\' ELSE \'weak\' END AS binding'
     ' FROM symbols')
 
 do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW threads_view AS '
     'SELECT '
         'id,'
         'machine_id,'
         '(SELECT host_or_guest FROM machines_view WHERE id = machine_id) AS host_or_guest,'
         'process_id,'
         'pid,'
         'tid'
     ' FROM threads')
 
 do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW comm_threads_view AS '
     'SELECT '
         'comm_id,'
         '(SELECT comm FROM comms WHERE id = comm_id) AS command,'
         'thread_id,'
         '(SELECT pid FROM threads WHERE id = thread_id) AS pid,'
         '(SELECT tid FROM threads WHERE id = thread_id) AS tid'
     ' FROM comm_threads')
 
 if perf_db_export_calls or perf_db_export_callchains:
     do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW call_paths_view AS '
         'SELECT '
             'c.id,'
             'to_hex(c.ip) AS ip,'
             'c.symbol_id,'
             '(SELECT name FROM symbols WHERE id = c.symbol_id) AS symbol,'
             '(SELECT dso_id FROM symbols WHERE id = c.symbol_id) AS dso_id,'
             '(SELECT dso FROM symbols_view  WHERE id = c.symbol_id) AS dso_short_name,'
             'c.parent_id,'
             'to_hex(p.ip) AS parent_ip,'
             'p.symbol_id AS parent_symbol_id,'
             '(SELECT name FROM symbols WHERE id = p.symbol_id) AS parent_symbol,'
             '(SELECT dso_id FROM symbols WHERE id = p.symbol_id) AS parent_dso_id,'
             '(SELECT dso FROM symbols_view  WHERE id = p.symbol_id) AS parent_dso_short_name'
         ' FROM call_paths c INNER JOIN call_paths p ON p.id = c.parent_id')
 if perf_db_export_calls:
     do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW calls_view AS '
         'SELECT '
             'calls.id,'
             'thread_id,'
             '(SELECT pid FROM threads WHERE id = thread_id) AS pid,'
             '(SELECT tid FROM threads WHERE id = thread_id) AS tid,'
             '(SELECT comm FROM comms WHERE id = comm_id) AS command,'
             'call_path_id,'
             'to_hex(ip) AS ip,'
             'symbol_id,'
             '(SELECT name FROM symbols WHERE id = symbol_id) AS symbol,'
             'call_time,'
             'return_time,'
             'return_time - call_time AS elapsed_time,'
             'branch_count,'
             'insn_count,'
             'cyc_count,'
             'CASE WHEN cyc_count=0 THEN CAST(0 AS NUMERIC(20, 2)) ELSE CAST((CAST(insn_count AS FLOAT) / cyc_count) AS NUMERIC(20, 2)) END AS IPC,'
             'call_id,'
             'return_id,'
             'CASE WHEN flags=0 THEN \'\' WHEN flags=1 THEN \'no call\' WHEN flags=2 THEN \'no return\' WHEN flags=3 THEN \'no call/return\' WHEN flags=6 THEN \'jump\' ELSE CAST ( flags AS VARCHAR(6) ) END AS flags,'
             'parent_call_path_id,'
             'calls.parent_id'
         ' FROM calls INNER JOIN call_paths ON call_paths.id = call_path_id')
 
 do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW samples_view AS '
     'SELECT '
         'id,'
         'time,'
         'cpu,'
         '(SELECT pid FROM threads WHERE id = thread_id) AS pid,'
         '(SELECT tid FROM threads WHERE id = thread_id) AS tid,'
         '(SELECT comm FROM comms WHERE id = comm_id) AS command,'
         '(SELECT name FROM selected_events WHERE id = evsel_id) AS event,'
         'to_hex(ip) AS ip_hex,'
         '(SELECT name FROM symbols WHERE id = symbol_id) AS symbol,'
         'sym_offset,'
         '(SELECT short_name FROM dsos WHERE id = dso_id) AS dso_short_name,'
         'to_hex(to_ip) AS to_ip_hex,'
         '(SELECT name FROM symbols WHERE id = to_symbol_id) AS to_symbol,'
         'to_sym_offset,'
         '(SELECT short_name FROM dsos WHERE id = to_dso_id) AS to_dso_short_name,'
         '(SELECT name FROM branch_types WHERE id = branch_type) AS branch_type_name,'
         'in_tx,'
         'insn_count,'
         'cyc_count,'
         'CASE WHEN cyc_count=0 THEN CAST(0 AS NUMERIC(20, 2)) ELSE CAST((CAST(insn_count AS FLOAT) / cyc_count) AS NUMERIC(20, 2)) END AS IPC,'
         'flags'
     ' FROM samples')
 
 do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW ptwrite_view AS '
     'SELECT '
         'ptwrite.id,'
         'time,'
         'cpu,'
         'to_hex(payload) AS payload_hex,'
         'CASE WHEN exact_ip=FALSE THEN \'False\' ELSE \'True\' END AS exact_ip'
     ' FROM ptwrite'
     ' INNER JOIN samples ON samples.id = ptwrite.id')
 
 do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW cbr_view AS '
     'SELECT '
         'cbr.id,'
         'time,'
         'cpu,'
         'cbr,'
         'mhz,'
         'percent'
     ' FROM cbr'
     ' INNER JOIN samples ON samples.id = cbr.id')
 
 do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW mwait_view AS '
     'SELECT '
         'mwait.id,'
         'time,'
         'cpu,'
         'to_hex(hints) AS hints_hex,'
         'to_hex(extensions) AS extensions_hex'
     ' FROM mwait'
     ' INNER JOIN samples ON samples.id = mwait.id')
 
 do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW pwre_view AS '
     'SELECT '
         'pwre.id,'
         'time,'
         'cpu,'
         'cstate,'
         'subcstate,'
         'CASE WHEN hw=FALSE THEN \'False\' ELSE \'True\' END AS hw'
     ' FROM pwre'
     ' INNER JOIN samples ON samples.id = pwre.id')
 
 do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW exstop_view AS '
     'SELECT '
         'exstop.id,'
         'time,'
         'cpu,'
         'CASE WHEN exact_ip=FALSE THEN \'False\' ELSE \'True\' END AS exact_ip'
     ' FROM exstop'
     ' INNER JOIN samples ON samples.id = exstop.id')
 
 do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW pwrx_view AS '
     'SELECT '
         'pwrx.id,'
         'time,'
         'cpu,'
         'deepest_cstate,'
         'last_cstate,'
         'CASE     WHEN wake_reason=1 THEN \'Interrupt\''
             ' WHEN wake_reason=2 THEN \'Timer Deadline\''
             ' WHEN wake_reason=4 THEN \'Monitored Address\''
             ' WHEN wake_reason=8 THEN \'HW\''
             ' ELSE CAST ( wake_reason AS VARCHAR(2) )'
         'END AS wake_reason'
     ' FROM pwrx'
     ' INNER JOIN samples ON samples.id = pwrx.id')
 
 do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW power_events_view AS '
     'SELECT '
         'samples.id,'
         'samples.time,'
         'samples.cpu,'
         'selected_events.name AS event,'
         'FORMAT(\'%6s\', cbr.cbr) AS cbr,'
         'FORMAT(\'%6s\', cbr.mhz) AS MHz,'
         'FORMAT(\'%5s\', cbr.percent) AS percent,'
         'to_hex(mwait.hints) AS hints_hex,'
         'to_hex(mwait.extensions) AS extensions_hex,'
         'FORMAT(\'%3s\', pwre.cstate) AS cstate,'
         'FORMAT(\'%3s\', pwre.subcstate) AS subcstate,'
         'CASE WHEN pwre.hw=FALSE THEN \'False\' WHEN pwre.hw=TRUE THEN \'True\' ELSE NULL END AS hw,'
         'CASE WHEN exstop.exact_ip=FALSE THEN \'False\' WHEN exstop.exact_ip=TRUE THEN \'True\' ELSE NULL END AS exact_ip,'
         'FORMAT(\'%3s\', pwrx.deepest_cstate) AS deepest_cstate,'
         'FORMAT(\'%3s\', pwrx.last_cstate) AS last_cstate,'
         'CASE     WHEN pwrx.wake_reason=1 THEN \'Interrupt\''
             ' WHEN pwrx.wake_reason=2 THEN \'Timer Deadline\''
             ' WHEN pwrx.wake_reason=4 THEN \'Monitored Address\''
             ' WHEN pwrx.wake_reason=8 THEN \'HW\''
             ' ELSE FORMAT(\'%2s\', pwrx.wake_reason)'
         'END AS wake_reason'
     ' FROM cbr'
     ' FULL JOIN mwait ON mwait.id = cbr.id'
     ' FULL JOIN pwre ON pwre.id = cbr.id'
     ' FULL JOIN exstop ON exstop.id = cbr.id'
     ' FULL JOIN pwrx ON pwrx.id = cbr.id'
     ' INNER JOIN samples ON samples.id = coalesce(cbr.id, mwait.id, pwre.id, exstop.id, pwrx.id)'
     ' INNER JOIN selected_events ON selected_events.id = samples.evsel_id'
     ' ORDER BY samples.id')
 
 do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW context_switches_view AS '
     'SELECT '
         'context_switches.id,'
         'context_switches.machine_id,'
         'context_switches.time,'
         'context_switches.cpu,'
         'th_out.pid AS pid_out,'
         'th_out.tid AS tid_out,'
         'comm_out.comm AS comm_out,'
         'th_in.pid AS pid_in,'
         'th_in.tid AS tid_in,'
         'comm_in.comm AS comm_in,'
         'CASE     WHEN context_switches.flags = 0 THEN \'in\''
             ' WHEN context_switches.flags = 1 THEN \'out\''
             ' WHEN context_switches.flags = 3 THEN \'out preempt\''
             ' ELSE CAST ( context_switches.flags AS VARCHAR(11) )'
         'END AS flags'
     ' FROM context_switches'
     ' INNER JOIN threads AS th_out ON th_out.id   = context_switches.thread_out_id'
     ' INNER JOIN threads AS th_in  ON th_in.id    = context_switches.thread_in_id'
     ' INNER JOIN comms AS comm_out ON comm_out.id = context_switches.comm_out_id'
     ' INNER JOIN comms AS comm_in  ON comm_in.id  = context_switches.comm_in_id')
 
 file_header = struct.pack("!11sii", b"PGCOPY\n\377\r\n\0", 0, 0)
 file_trailer = b"\377\377"
 
 def open_output_file(file_name):
     path_name = output_dir_name + "/" + file_name
     file = open(path_name, "wb+")
     file.write(file_header)
     return file
 
 def close_output_file(file):
     file.write(file_trailer)
     file.close()
 
 def copy_output_file_direct(file, table_name):
     close_output_file(file)
     sql = "COPY " + table_name + " FROM '" + file.name + "' (FORMAT 'binary')"
     do_query(query, sql)
 
 # Use COPY FROM STDIN because security may prevent postgres from accessing the files directly
 def copy_output_file(file, table_name):
     conn = PQconnectdb(toclientstr("dbname = " + dbname))
     if (PQstatus(conn)):
         raise Exception("COPY FROM STDIN PQconnectdb failed")
     file.write(file_trailer)
     file.seek(0)
     sql = "COPY " + table_name + " FROM STDIN (FORMAT 'binary')"
     res = PQexec(conn, toclientstr(sql))
     if (PQresultStatus(res) != 4):
         raise Exception("COPY FROM STDIN PQexec failed")
     data = file.read(65536)
     while (len(data)):
         ret = PQputCopyData(conn, data, len(data))
         if (ret != 1):
             raise Exception("COPY FROM STDIN PQputCopyData failed, error " + str(ret))
         data = file.read(65536)
     ret = PQputCopyEnd(conn, None)
     if (ret != 1):
         raise Exception("COPY FROM STDIN PQputCopyEnd failed, error " + str(ret))
     PQfinish(conn)
 
 def remove_output_file(file):
     name = file.name
     file.close()
     os.unlink(name)
 
 evsel_file      = open_output_file("evsel_table.bin")
 machine_file        = open_output_file("machine_table.bin")
 thread_file     = open_output_file("thread_table.bin")
 comm_file       = open_output_file("comm_table.bin")
 comm_thread_file    = open_output_file("comm_thread_table.bin")
 dso_file        = open_output_file("dso_table.bin")
 symbol_file     = open_output_file("symbol_table.bin")
 branch_type_file    = open_output_file("branch_type_table.bin")
 sample_file     = open_output_file("sample_table.bin")
 if perf_db_export_calls or perf_db_export_callchains:
     call_path_file      = open_output_file("call_path_table.bin")
 if perf_db_export_calls:
     call_file       = open_output_file("call_table.bin")
 ptwrite_file        = open_output_file("ptwrite_table.bin")
 cbr_file        = open_output_file("cbr_table.bin")
 mwait_file      = open_output_file("mwait_table.bin")
 pwre_file       = open_output_file("pwre_table.bin")
 exstop_file     = open_output_file("exstop_table.bin")
 pwrx_file       = open_output_file("pwrx_table.bin")
 context_switches_file   = open_output_file("context_switches_table.bin")
 
 def trace_begin():
     printdate("Writing to intermediate files...")
     # id == 0 means unknown.  It is easier to create records for them than replace the zeroes with NULLs
     evsel_table(0, "unknown")
     machine_table(0, 0, "unknown")
     thread_table(0, 0, 0, -1, -1)
     comm_table(0, "unknown", 0, 0, 0)
     dso_table(0, 0, "unknown", "unknown", "")
     symbol_table(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, "unknown")
     sample_table(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
     if perf_db_export_calls or perf_db_export_callchains:
         call_path_table(0, 0, 0, 0)
         call_return_table(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
 
 unhandled_count = 0
 
 def is_table_empty(table_name):
     do_query(query, 'SELECT * FROM ' + table_name + ' LIMIT 1');
     if query.next():
         return False
     return True
 
 def drop(table_name):
     do_query(query, 'DROP VIEW ' + table_name + '_view');
     do_query(query, 'DROP TABLE ' + table_name);
 
 def trace_end():
     printdate("Copying to database...")
     copy_output_file(evsel_file,        "selected_events")
     copy_output_file(machine_file,      "machines")
     copy_output_file(thread_file,       "threads")
     copy_output_file(comm_file,     "comms")
     copy_output_file(comm_thread_file,  "comm_threads")
     copy_output_file(dso_file,      "dsos")
     copy_output_file(symbol_file,       "symbols")
     copy_output_file(branch_type_file,  "branch_types")
     copy_output_file(sample_file,       "samples")
     if perf_db_export_calls or perf_db_export_callchains:
         copy_output_file(call_path_file,    "call_paths")
     if perf_db_export_calls:
         copy_output_file(call_file,     "calls")
     copy_output_file(ptwrite_file,      "ptwrite")
     copy_output_file(cbr_file,      "cbr")
     copy_output_file(mwait_file,        "mwait")
     copy_output_file(pwre_file,     "pwre")
     copy_output_file(exstop_file,       "exstop")
     copy_output_file(pwrx_file,     "pwrx")
     copy_output_file(context_switches_file, "context_switches")
 
     printdate("Removing intermediate files...")
     remove_output_file(evsel_file)
     remove_output_file(machine_file)
     remove_output_file(thread_file)
     remove_output_file(comm_file)
     remove_output_file(comm_thread_file)
     remove_output_file(dso_file)
     remove_output_file(symbol_file)
     remove_output_file(branch_type_file)
     remove_output_file(sample_file)
     if perf_db_export_calls or perf_db_export_callchains:
         remove_output_file(call_path_file)
     if perf_db_export_calls:
         remove_output_file(call_file)
     remove_output_file(ptwrite_file)
     remove_output_file(cbr_file)
     remove_output_file(mwait_file)
     remove_output_file(pwre_file)
     remove_output_file(exstop_file)
     remove_output_file(pwrx_file)
     remove_output_file(context_switches_file)
     os.rmdir(output_dir_name)
     printdate("Adding primary keys")
     do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE selected_events ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)')
     do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE machines        ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)')
     do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE threads         ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)')
     do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE comms           ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)')
     do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE comm_threads    ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)')
     do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE dsos            ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)')
     do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE symbols         ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)')
     do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE branch_types    ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)')
     do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE samples         ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)')
     if perf_db_export_calls or perf_db_export_callchains:
         do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE call_paths      ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)')
     if perf_db_export_calls:
         do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE calls           ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)')
     do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE ptwrite         ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)')
     do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE cbr             ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)')
     do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE mwait           ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)')
     do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE pwre            ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)')
     do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE exstop          ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)')
     do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE pwrx            ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)')
     do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE context_switches ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)')
 
     printdate("Adding foreign keys")
     do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE threads '
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT machinefk  FOREIGN KEY (machine_id)   REFERENCES machines   (id),'
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT processfk  FOREIGN KEY (process_id)   REFERENCES threads    (id)')
     do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE comms '
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT threadfk   FOREIGN KEY (c_thread_id)  REFERENCES threads    (id)')
     do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE comm_threads '
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT commfk     FOREIGN KEY (comm_id)      REFERENCES comms      (id),'
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT threadfk   FOREIGN KEY (thread_id)    REFERENCES threads    (id)')
     do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE dsos '
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT machinefk  FOREIGN KEY (machine_id)   REFERENCES machines   (id)')
     do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE symbols '
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT dsofk      FOREIGN KEY (dso_id)       REFERENCES dsos       (id)')
     do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE samples '
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT evselfk    FOREIGN KEY (evsel_id)     REFERENCES selected_events (id),'
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT machinefk  FOREIGN KEY (machine_id)   REFERENCES machines   (id),'
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT threadfk   FOREIGN KEY (thread_id)    REFERENCES threads    (id),'
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT commfk     FOREIGN KEY (comm_id)      REFERENCES comms      (id),'
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT dsofk      FOREIGN KEY (dso_id)       REFERENCES dsos       (id),'
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT symbolfk   FOREIGN KEY (symbol_id)    REFERENCES symbols    (id),'
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT todsofk    FOREIGN KEY (to_dso_id)    REFERENCES dsos       (id),'
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT tosymbolfk FOREIGN KEY (to_symbol_id) REFERENCES symbols    (id)')
     if perf_db_export_calls or perf_db_export_callchains:
         do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE call_paths '
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT parentfk    FOREIGN KEY (parent_id)    REFERENCES call_paths (id),'
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT symbolfk    FOREIGN KEY (symbol_id)    REFERENCES symbols    (id)')
     if perf_db_export_calls:
         do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE calls '
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT threadfk    FOREIGN KEY (thread_id)    REFERENCES threads    (id),'
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT commfk      FOREIGN KEY (comm_id)      REFERENCES comms      (id),'
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT call_pathfk FOREIGN KEY (call_path_id) REFERENCES call_paths (id),'
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT callfk      FOREIGN KEY (call_id)      REFERENCES samples    (id),'
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT returnfk    FOREIGN KEY (return_id)    REFERENCES samples    (id),'
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT parent_call_pathfk FOREIGN KEY (parent_call_path_id) REFERENCES call_paths (id)')
         do_query(query, 'CREATE INDEX pcpid_idx ON calls (parent_call_path_id)')
         do_query(query, 'CREATE INDEX pid_idx ON calls (parent_id)')
         do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE comms ADD has_calls boolean')
         do_query(query, 'UPDATE comms SET has_calls = TRUE WHERE comms.id IN (SELECT DISTINCT comm_id FROM calls)')
     do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE ptwrite '
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT idfk        FOREIGN KEY (id)           REFERENCES samples   (id)')
     do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE  cbr '
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT idfk        FOREIGN KEY (id)           REFERENCES samples   (id)')
     do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE  mwait '
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT idfk        FOREIGN KEY (id)           REFERENCES samples   (id)')
     do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE  pwre '
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT idfk        FOREIGN KEY (id)           REFERENCES samples   (id)')
     do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE  exstop '
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT idfk        FOREIGN KEY (id)           REFERENCES samples   (id)')
     do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE  pwrx '
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT idfk        FOREIGN KEY (id)           REFERENCES samples   (id)')
     do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE  context_switches '
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT machinefk   FOREIGN KEY (machine_id)    REFERENCES machines (id),'
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT toutfk      FOREIGN KEY (thread_out_id) REFERENCES threads  (id),'
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT tinfk       FOREIGN KEY (thread_in_id)  REFERENCES threads  (id),'
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT coutfk      FOREIGN KEY (comm_out_id)   REFERENCES comms    (id),'
                     'ADD CONSTRAINT cinfk       FOREIGN KEY (comm_in_id)    REFERENCES comms    (id)')
 
     printdate("Dropping unused tables")
     if is_table_empty("ptwrite"):
         drop("ptwrite")
     if is_table_empty("mwait") and is_table_empty("pwre") and is_table_empty("exstop") and is_table_empty("pwrx"):
         do_query(query, 'DROP VIEW power_events_view');
         drop("mwait")
         drop("pwre")
         drop("exstop")
         drop("pwrx")
         if is_table_empty("cbr"):
             drop("cbr")
     if is_table_empty("context_switches"):
         drop("context_switches")
 
     if (unhandled_count):
         printdate("Warning: ", unhandled_count, " unhandled events")
     printdate("Done")
 
 def trace_unhandled(event_name, context, event_fields_dict):
     global unhandled_count
     unhandled_count += 1
 
 def sched__sched_switch(*x):
     pass
 
 def evsel_table(evsel_id, evsel_name, *x):
     evsel_name = toserverstr(evsel_name)
     n = len(evsel_name)
     fmt = "!hiqi" + str(n) + "s"
     value = struct.pack(fmt, 2, 8, evsel_id, n, evsel_name)
     evsel_file.write(value)
 
 def machine_table(machine_id, pid, root_dir, *x):
     root_dir = toserverstr(root_dir)
     n = len(root_dir)
     fmt = "!hiqiii" + str(n) + "s"
     value = struct.pack(fmt, 3, 8, machine_id, 4, pid, n, root_dir)
     machine_file.write(value)
 
 def thread_table(thread_id, machine_id, process_id, pid, tid, *x):
     value = struct.pack("!hiqiqiqiiii", 5, 8, thread_id, 8, machine_id, 8, process_id, 4, pid, 4, tid)
     thread_file.write(value)
 
 def comm_table(comm_id, comm_str, thread_id, time, exec_flag, *x):
     comm_str = toserverstr(comm_str)
     n = len(comm_str)
     fmt = "!hiqi" + str(n) + "s" + "iqiqiB"
     value = struct.pack(fmt, 5, 8, comm_id, n, comm_str, 8, thread_id, 8, time, 1, exec_flag)
     comm_file.write(value)
 
 def comm_thread_table(comm_thread_id, comm_id, thread_id, *x):
     fmt = "!hiqiqiq"
     value = struct.pack(fmt, 3, 8, comm_thread_id, 8, comm_id, 8, thread_id)
     comm_thread_file.write(value)
 
 def dso_table(dso_id, machine_id, short_name, long_name, build_id, *x):
     short_name = toserverstr(short_name)
     long_name = toserverstr(long_name)
     build_id = toserverstr(build_id)
     n1 = len(short_name)
     n2 = len(long_name)
     n3 = len(build_id)
     fmt = "!hiqiqi" + str(n1) + "si"  + str(n2) + "si" + str(n3) + "s"
     value = struct.pack(fmt, 5, 8, dso_id, 8, machine_id, n1, short_name, n2, long_name, n3, build_id)
     dso_file.write(value)
 
 def symbol_table(symbol_id, dso_id, sym_start, sym_end, binding, symbol_name, *x):
     symbol_name = toserverstr(symbol_name)
     n = len(symbol_name)
     fmt = "!hiqiqiqiqiii" + str(n) + "s"
     value = struct.pack(fmt, 6, 8, symbol_id, 8, dso_id, 8, sym_start, 8, sym_end, 4, binding, n, symbol_name)
     symbol_file.write(value)
 
 def branch_type_table(branch_type, name, *x):
     name = toserverstr(name)
     n = len(name)
     fmt = "!hiii" + str(n) + "s"
     value = struct.pack(fmt, 2, 4, branch_type, n, name)
     branch_type_file.write(value)
 
 def sample_table(sample_id, evsel_id, machine_id, thread_id, comm_id, dso_id, symbol_id, sym_offset, ip, time, cpu, to_dso_id, to_symbol_id, to_sym_offset, to_ip, period, weight, transaction, data_src, branch_type, in_tx, call_path_id, insn_cnt, cyc_cnt, flags, *x):
     if branches:
         value = struct.pack("!hiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiiiqiqiqiqiiiBiqiqiqii", 21, 8, sample_id, 8, evsel_id, 8, machine_id, 8, thread_id, 8, comm_id, 8, dso_id, 8, symbol_id, 8, sym_offset, 8, ip, 8, time, 4, cpu, 8, to_dso_id, 8, to_symbol_id, 8, to_sym_offset, 8, to_ip, 4, branch_type, 1, in_tx, 8, call_path_id, 8, insn_cnt, 8, cyc_cnt, 4, flags)
     else:
         value = struct.pack("!hiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiiiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiiiBiqiqiqii", 25, 8, sample_id, 8, evsel_id, 8, machine_id, 8, thread_id, 8, comm_id, 8, dso_id, 8, symbol_id, 8, sym_offset, 8, ip, 8, time, 4, cpu, 8, to_dso_id, 8, to_symbol_id, 8, to_sym_offset, 8, to_ip, 8, period, 8, weight, 8, transaction, 8, data_src, 4, branch_type, 1, in_tx, 8, call_path_id, 8, insn_cnt, 8, cyc_cnt, 4, flags)
     sample_file.write(value)
 
 def call_path_table(cp_id, parent_id, symbol_id, ip, *x):
     fmt = "!hiqiqiqiq"
     value = struct.pack(fmt, 4, 8, cp_id, 8, parent_id, 8, symbol_id, 8, ip)
     call_path_file.write(value)
 
 def call_return_table(cr_id, thread_id, comm_id, call_path_id, call_time, return_time, branch_count, call_id, return_id, parent_call_path_id, flags, parent_id, insn_cnt, cyc_cnt, *x):
     fmt = "!hiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiiiqiqiq"
     value = struct.pack(fmt, 14, 8, cr_id, 8, thread_id, 8, comm_id, 8, call_path_id, 8, call_time, 8, return_time, 8, branch_count, 8, call_id, 8, return_id, 8, parent_call_path_id, 4, flags, 8, parent_id, 8, insn_cnt, 8, cyc_cnt)
     call_file.write(value)
 
 def ptwrite(id, raw_buf):
     data = struct.unpack_from("<IQ", raw_buf)
     flags = data[0]
     payload = data[1]
     exact_ip = flags & 1
     value = struct.pack("!hiqiqiB", 3, 8, id, 8, payload, 1, exact_ip)
     ptwrite_file.write(value)
 
 def cbr(id, raw_buf):
     data = struct.unpack_from("<BBBBII", raw_buf)
     cbr = data[0]
     MHz = (data[4] + 500) / 1000
     percent = ((cbr * 1000 / data[2]) + 5) / 10
     value = struct.pack("!hiqiiiiii", 4, 8, id, 4, cbr, 4, int(MHz), 4, int(percent))
     cbr_file.write(value)
 
 def mwait(id, raw_buf):
     data = struct.unpack_from("<IQ", raw_buf)
     payload = data[1]
     hints = payload & 0xff
     extensions = (payload >> 32) & 0x3
     value = struct.pack("!hiqiiii", 3, 8, id, 4, hints, 4, extensions)
     mwait_file.write(value)
 
 def pwre(id, raw_buf):
     data = struct.unpack_from("<IQ", raw_buf)
     payload = data[1]
     hw = (payload >> 7) & 1
     cstate = (payload >> 12) & 0xf
     subcstate = (payload >> 8) & 0xf
     value = struct.pack("!hiqiiiiiB", 4, 8, id, 4, cstate, 4, subcstate, 1, hw)
     pwre_file.write(value)
 
 def exstop(id, raw_buf):
     data = struct.unpack_from("<I", raw_buf)
     flags = data[0]
     exact_ip = flags & 1
     value = struct.pack("!hiqiB", 2, 8, id, 1, exact_ip)
     exstop_file.write(value)
 
 def pwrx(id, raw_buf):
     data = struct.unpack_from("<IQ", raw_buf)
     payload = data[1]
     deepest_cstate = payload & 0xf
     last_cstate = (payload >> 4) & 0xf
     wake_reason = (payload >> 8) & 0xf
     value = struct.pack("!hiqiiiiii", 4, 8, id, 4, deepest_cstate, 4, last_cstate, 4, wake_reason)
     pwrx_file.write(value)
 
 def synth_data(id, config, raw_buf, *x):
     if config == 0:
         ptwrite(id, raw_buf)
     elif config == 1:
         mwait(id, raw_buf)
     elif config == 2:
         pwre(id, raw_buf)
     elif config == 3:
         exstop(id, raw_buf)
     elif config == 4:
         pwrx(id, raw_buf)
     elif config == 5:
         cbr(id, raw_buf)
 
 def context_switch_table(id, machine_id, time, cpu, thread_out_id, comm_out_id, thread_in_id, comm_in_id, flags, *x):
     fmt = "!hiqiqiqiiiqiqiqiqii"
     value = struct.pack(fmt, 9, 8, id, 8, machine_id, 8, time, 4, cpu, 8, thread_out_id, 8, comm_out_id, 8, thread_in_id, 8, comm_in_id, 4, flags)
     context_switches_file.write(value)

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