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 ============================================
 Linux USB gadget configured through configfs
 ============================================
 
 
 25th April 2013
 
 
 
 
 Overview
 ========
 
 A USB Linux Gadget is a device which has a UDC (USB Device Controller) and can
 be connected to a USB Host to extend it with additional functions like a serial
 port or a mass storage capability.
 
 A gadget is seen by its host as a set of configurations, each of which contains
 a number of interfaces which, from the gadget's perspective, are known as
 functions, each function representing e.g. a serial connection or a SCSI disk.
 
 Linux provides a number of functions for gadgets to use.
 
 Creating a gadget means deciding what configurations there will be
 and which functions each configuration will provide.
 
 Configfs (please see `Documentation/filesystems/configfs.rst`) lends itself nicely
 for the purpose of telling the kernel about the above mentioned decision.
 This document is about how to do it.
 
 It also describes how configfs integration into gadget is designed.
 
 
 
 
 Requirements
 ============
 
 In order for this to work configfs must be available, so CONFIGFS_FS must be
 'y' or 'm' in .config. As of this writing USB_LIBCOMPOSITE selects CONFIGFS_FS.
 
 
 
 
 Usage
 =====
 
 (The original post describing the first function
 made available through configfs can be seen here:
 http://www.spinics.net/lists/linux-usb/msg76388.html)
 
 ::
 
         $ modprobe libcomposite
         $ mount none $CONFIGFS_HOME -t configfs
 
 where CONFIGFS_HOME is the mount point for configfs
 
 1. Creating the gadgets
 -----------------------
 
 For each gadget to be created its corresponding directory must be created::
 
         $ mkdir $CONFIGFS_HOME/usb_gadget/<gadget name>
 
 e.g.::
 
         $ mkdir $CONFIGFS_HOME/usb_gadget/g1
 
         ...
         ...
         ...
 
         $ cd $CONFIGFS_HOME/usb_gadget/g1
 
 Each gadget needs to have its vendor id <VID> and product id <PID> specified::
 
         $ echo <VID> > idVendor
         $ echo <PID> > idProduct
 
 A gadget also needs its serial number, manufacturer and product strings.
 In order to have a place to store them, a strings subdirectory must be created
 for each language, e.g.::
 
         $ mkdir strings/0x409
 
 Then the strings can be specified::
 
         $ echo <serial number> > strings/0x409/serialnumber
         $ echo <manufacturer> > strings/0x409/manufacturer
         $ echo <product> > strings/0x409/product
 
 2. Creating the configurations
 ------------------------------
 
 Each gadget will consist of a number of configurations, their corresponding
 directories must be created:
 
 $ mkdir configs/<name>.<number>
 
 where <name> can be any string which is legal in a filesystem and the
 <number> is the configuration's number, e.g.::
 
         $ mkdir configs/c.1
 
         ...
         ...
         ...
 
 Each configuration also needs its strings, so a subdirectory must be created
 for each language, e.g.::
 
         $ mkdir configs/c.1/strings/0x409
 
 Then the configuration string can be specified::
 
         $ echo <configuration> > configs/c.1/strings/0x409/configuration
 
 Some attributes can also be set for a configuration, e.g.::
 
         $ echo 120 > configs/c.1/MaxPower
 
 3. Creating the functions
 -------------------------
 
 The gadget will provide some functions, for each function its corresponding
 directory must be created::
 
         $ mkdir functions/<name>.<instance name>
 
 where <name> corresponds to one of allowed function names and instance name
 is an arbitrary string allowed in a filesystem, e.g.::
 
   $ mkdir functions/ncm.usb0 # usb_f_ncm.ko gets loaded with request_module()
 
   ...
   ...
   ...
 
 Each function provides its specific set of attributes, with either read-only
 or read-write access. Where applicable they need to be written to as
 appropriate.
 Please refer to Documentation/ABI/testing/configfs-usb-gadget for more information.
 
 4. Associating the functions with their configurations
 ------------------------------------------------------
 
 At this moment a number of gadgets is created, each of which has a number of
 configurations specified and a number of functions available. What remains
 is specifying which function is available in which configuration (the same
 function can be used in multiple configurations). This is achieved with
 creating symbolic links::
 
         $ ln -s functions/<name>.<instance name> configs/<name>.<number>
 
 e.g.::
 
         $ ln -s functions/ncm.usb0 configs/c.1
 
         ...
         ...
         ...
 
 5. Enabling the gadget
 ----------------------
 
 All the above steps serve the purpose of composing the gadget of
 configurations and functions.
 
 An example directory structure might look like this::
 
   .
   ./strings
   ./strings/0x409
   ./strings/0x409/serialnumber
   ./strings/0x409/product
   ./strings/0x409/manufacturer
   ./configs
   ./configs/c.1
   ./configs/c.1/ncm.usb0 -> ../../../../usb_gadget/g1/functions/ncm.usb0
   ./configs/c.1/strings
   ./configs/c.1/strings/0x409
   ./configs/c.1/strings/0x409/configuration
   ./configs/c.1/bmAttributes
   ./configs/c.1/MaxPower
   ./functions
   ./functions/ncm.usb0
   ./functions/ncm.usb0/ifname
   ./functions/ncm.usb0/qmult
   ./functions/ncm.usb0/host_addr
   ./functions/ncm.usb0/dev_addr
   ./UDC
   ./bcdUSB
   ./bcdDevice
   ./idProduct
   ./idVendor
   ./bMaxPacketSize0
   ./bDeviceProtocol
   ./bDeviceSubClass
   ./bDeviceClass
 
 
 Such a gadget must be finally enabled so that the USB host can enumerate it.
 
 In order to enable the gadget it must be bound to a UDC (USB Device
 Controller)::
 
         $ echo <udc name> > UDC
 
 where <udc name> is one of those found in /sys/class/udc/*
 e.g.::
 
         $ echo s3c-hsotg > UDC
 
 
 6. Disabling the gadget
 -----------------------
 
 ::
 
         $ echo "" > UDC
 
 7. Cleaning up
 --------------
 
 Remove functions from configurations::
 
         $ rm configs/<config name>.<number>/<function>
 
 where <config name>.<number> specify the configuration and <function> is
 a symlink to a function being removed from the configuration, e.g.::
 
         $ rm configs/c.1/ncm.usb0
 
         ...
         ...
         ...
 
 Remove strings directories in configurations:
 
         $ rmdir configs/<config name>.<number>/strings/<lang>
 
 e.g.::
 
         $ rmdir configs/c.1/strings/0x409
 
         ...
         ...
         ...
 
 and remove the configurations::
 
         $ rmdir configs/<config name>.<number>
 
 e.g.::
 
         rmdir configs/c.1
 
         ...
         ...
         ...
 
 Remove functions (function modules are not unloaded, though):
 
         $ rmdir functions/<name>.<instance name>
 
 e.g.::
 
         $ rmdir functions/ncm.usb0
 
         ...
         ...
         ...
 
 Remove strings directories in the gadget::
 
         $ rmdir strings/<lang>
 
 e.g.::
 
         $ rmdir strings/0x409
 
 and finally remove the gadget::
 
         $ cd ..
         $ rmdir <gadget name>
 
 e.g.::
 
         $ rmdir g1
 
 
 
 
 Implementation design
 =====================
 
 Below the idea of how configfs works is presented.
 In configfs there are items and groups, both represented as directories.
 The difference between an item and a group is that a group can contain
 other groups. In the picture below only an item is shown.
 Both items and groups can have attributes, which are represented as files.
 The user can create and remove directories, but cannot remove files,
 which can be read-only or read-write, depending on what they represent.
 
 The filesystem part of configfs operates on config_items/groups and
 configfs_attributes which are generic and of the same type for all
 configured elements. However, they are embedded in usage-specific
 larger structures. In the picture below there is a "cs" which contains
 a config_item and an "sa" which contains a configfs_attribute.
 
 The filesystem view would be like this::
 
   ./
   ./cs        (directory)
      |
      +--sa    (file)
      |
      .
      .
      .
 
 Whenever a user reads/writes the "sa" file, a function is called
 which accepts a struct config_item and a struct configfs_attribute.
 In the said function the "cs" and "sa" are retrieved using the well
 known container_of technique and an appropriate sa's function (show or
 store) is called and passed the "cs" and a character buffer. The "show"
 is for displaying the file's contents (copy data from the cs to the
 buffer), while the "store" is for modifying the file's contents (copy data
 from the buffer to the cs), but it is up to the implementer of the
 two functions to decide what they actually do.
 
 ::
 
   typedef struct configured_structure cs;
   typedef struct specific_attribute sa;
 
                                          sa
                          +----------------------------------+
           cs             |  (*show)(cs *, buffer);          |
   +-----------------+    |  (*store)(cs *, buffer, length); |
   |                 |    |                                  |
   | +-------------+ |    |       +------------------+       |
   | | struct      |-|----|------>|struct            |       |
   | | config_item | |    |       |configfs_attribute|       |
   | +-------------+ |    |       +------------------+       |
   |                 |    +----------------------------------+
   | data to be set  |                .
   |                 |                .
   +-----------------+                .
 
 The file names are decided by the config item/group designer, while
 the directories in general can be named at will. A group can have
 a number of its default sub-groups created automatically.
 
 For more information on configfs please see
 `Documentation/filesystems/configfs.rst`.
 
 The concepts described above translate to USB gadgets like this:
 
 1. A gadget has its config group, which has some attributes (idVendor,
 idProduct etc) and default sub-groups (configs, functions, strings).
 Writing to the attributes causes the information to be stored in
 appropriate locations. In the configs, functions and strings sub-groups
 a user can create their sub-groups to represent configurations, functions,
 and groups of strings in a given language.
 
 2. The user creates configurations and functions, in the configurations
 creates symbolic links to functions. This information is used when the
 gadget's UDC attribute is written to, which means binding the gadget
 to the UDC. The code in drivers/usb/gadget/configfs.c iterates over
 all configurations, and in each configuration it iterates over all
 functions and binds them. This way the whole gadget is bound.
 
 3. The file drivers/usb/gadget/configfs.c contains code for
 
         - gadget's config_group
         - gadget's default groups (configs, functions, strings)
         - associating functions with configurations (symlinks)
 
 4. Each USB function naturally has its own view of what it wants
 configured, so config_groups for particular functions are defined
 in the functions implementation files drivers/usb/gadget/f_*.c.
 
 5. Function's code is written in such a way that it uses
 
 usb_get_function_instance(), which, in turn, calls request_module.
 So, provided that modprobe works, modules for particular functions
 are loaded automatically. Please note that the converse is not true:
 after a gadget is disabled and torn down, the modules remain loaded.

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