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 ==========================
 Real-Time group scheduling
 ==========================
 
 .. CONTENTS
 
    0. WARNING
    1. Overview
      1.1 The problem
      1.2 The solution
    2. The interface
      2.1 System-wide settings
      2.2 Default behaviour
      2.3 Basis for grouping tasks
    3. Future plans
 
 
 0. WARNING
 ==========
 
  Fiddling with these settings can result in an unstable system, the knobs are
  root only and assumes root knows what he is doing.
 
 Most notable:
 
  * very small values in sched_rt_period_us can result in an unstable
    system when the period is smaller than either the available hrtimer
    resolution, or the time it takes to handle the budget refresh itself.
 
  * very small values in sched_rt_runtime_us can result in an unstable
    system when the runtime is so small the system has difficulty making
    forward progress (NOTE: the migration thread and kstopmachine both
    are real-time processes).
 
 1. Overview
 ===========
 
 
 1.1 The problem
 ---------------
 
 Realtime scheduling is all about determinism, a group has to be able to rely on
 the amount of bandwidth (eg. CPU time) being constant. In order to schedule
 multiple groups of realtime tasks, each group must be assigned a fixed portion
 of the CPU time available.  Without a minimum guarantee a realtime group can
 obviously fall short. A fuzzy upper limit is of no use since it cannot be
 relied upon. Which leaves us with just the single fixed portion.
 
 1.2 The solution
 ----------------
 
 CPU time is divided by means of specifying how much time can be spent running
 in a given period. We allocate this "run time" for each realtime group which
 the other realtime groups will not be permitted to use.
 
 Any time not allocated to a realtime group will be used to run normal priority
 tasks (SCHED_OTHER). Any allocated run time not used will also be picked up by
 SCHED_OTHER.
 
 Let's consider an example: a frame fixed realtime renderer must deliver 25
 frames a second, which yields a period of 0.04s per frame. Now say it will also
 have to play some music and respond to input, leaving it with around 80% CPU
 time dedicated for the graphics. We can then give this group a run time of 0.8
 * 0.04s = 0.032s.
 
 This way the graphics group will have a 0.04s period with a 0.032s run time
 limit. Now if the audio thread needs to refill the DMA buffer every 0.005s, but
 needs only about 3% CPU time to do so, it can do with a 0.03 * 0.005s =
 0.00015s. So this group can be scheduled with a period of 0.005s and a run time
 of 0.00015s.
 
 The remaining CPU time will be used for user input and other tasks. Because
 realtime tasks have explicitly allocated the CPU time they need to perform
 their tasks, buffer underruns in the graphics or audio can be eliminated.
 
 NOTE: the above example is not fully implemented yet. We still
 lack an EDF scheduler to make non-uniform periods usable.
 
 
 2. The Interface
 ================
 
 
 2.1 System wide settings
 ------------------------
 
 The system wide settings are configured under the /proc virtual file system:
 
 /proc/sys/kernel/sched_rt_period_us:
   The scheduling period that is equivalent to 100% CPU bandwidth
 
 /proc/sys/kernel/sched_rt_runtime_us:
   A global limit on how much time realtime scheduling may use.  Even without
   CONFIG_RT_GROUP_SCHED enabled, this will limit time reserved to realtime
   processes. With CONFIG_RT_GROUP_SCHED it signifies the total bandwidth
   available to all realtime groups.
 
   * Time is specified in us because the interface is s32. This gives an
     operating range from 1us to about 35 minutes.
   * sched_rt_period_us takes values from 1 to INT_MAX.
   * sched_rt_runtime_us takes values from -1 to (INT_MAX - 1).
   * A run time of -1 specifies runtime == period, ie. no limit.
 
 
 2.2 Default behaviour
 ---------------------
 
 The default values for sched_rt_period_us (1000000 or 1s) and
 sched_rt_runtime_us (950000 or 0.95s).  This gives 0.05s to be used by
 SCHED_OTHER (non-RT tasks). These defaults were chosen so that a run-away
 realtime tasks will not lock up the machine but leave a little time to recover
 it.  By setting runtime to -1 you'd get the old behaviour back.
 
 By default all bandwidth is assigned to the root group and new groups get the
 period from /proc/sys/kernel/sched_rt_period_us and a run time of 0. If you
 want to assign bandwidth to another group, reduce the root group's bandwidth
 and assign some or all of the difference to another group.
 
 Realtime group scheduling means you have to assign a portion of total CPU
 bandwidth to the group before it will accept realtime tasks. Therefore you will
 not be able to run realtime tasks as any user other than root until you have
 done that, even if the user has the rights to run processes with realtime
 priority!
 
 
 2.3 Basis for grouping tasks
 ----------------------------
 
 Enabling CONFIG_RT_GROUP_SCHED lets you explicitly allocate real
 CPU bandwidth to task groups.
 
 This uses the cgroup virtual file system and "<cgroup>/cpu.rt_runtime_us"
 to control the CPU time reserved for each control group.
 
 For more information on working with control groups, you should read
 Documentation/admin-guide/cgroup-v1/cgroups.rst as well.
 
 Group settings are checked against the following limits in order to keep the
 configuration schedulable:
 
    \Sum_{i} runtime_{i} / global_period <= global_runtime / global_period
 
 For now, this can be simplified to just the following (but see Future plans):
 
    \Sum_{i} runtime_{i} <= global_runtime
 
 
 3. Future plans
 ===============
 
 There is work in progress to make the scheduling period for each group
 ("<cgroup>/cpu.rt_period_us") configurable as well.
 
 The constraint on the period is that a subgroup must have a smaller or
 equal period to its parent. But realistically its not very useful _yet_
 as its prone to starvation without deadline scheduling.
 
 Consider two sibling groups A and B; both have 50% bandwidth, but A's
 period is twice the length of B's.
 
 * group A: period=100000us, runtime=50000us
 
         - this runs for 0.05s once every 0.1s
 
 * group B: period= 50000us, runtime=25000us
 
         - this runs for 0.025s twice every 0.1s (or once every 0.05 sec).
 
 This means that currently a while (1) loop in A will run for the full period of
 B and can starve B's tasks (assuming they are of lower priority) for a whole
 period.
 
 The next project will be SCHED_EDF (Earliest Deadline First scheduling) to bring
 full deadline scheduling to the linux kernel. Deadline scheduling the above
 groups and treating end of the period as a deadline will ensure that they both
 get their allocated time.
 
 Implementing SCHED_EDF might take a while to complete. Priority Inheritance is
 the biggest challenge as the current linux PI infrastructure is geared towards
 the limited static priority levels 0-99. With deadline scheduling you need to
 do deadline inheritance (since priority is inversely proportional to the
 deadline delta (deadline - now)).
 
 This means the whole PI machinery will have to be reworked - and that is one of
 the most complex pieces of code we have.

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