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 ===============================
 Implementing I2C device drivers
 ===============================
 
 This is a small guide for those who want to write kernel drivers for I2C
 or SMBus devices, using Linux as the protocol host/master (not slave).
 
 To set up a driver, you need to do several things. Some are optional, and
 some things can be done slightly or completely different. Use this as a
 guide, not as a rule book!
 
 
 General remarks
 ===============
 
 Try to keep the kernel namespace as clean as possible. The best way to
 do this is to use a unique prefix for all global symbols. This is
 especially important for exported symbols, but it is a good idea to do
 it for non-exported symbols too. We will use the prefix ``foo_`` in this
 tutorial.
 
 
 The driver structure
 ====================
 
 Usually, you will implement a single driver structure, and instantiate
 all clients from it. Remember, a driver structure contains general access
 routines, and should be zero-initialized except for fields with data you
 provide.  A client structure holds device-specific information like the
 driver model device node, and its I2C address.
 
 ::
 
   static struct i2c_device_id foo_idtable[] = {
         { "foo", my_id_for_foo },
         { "bar", my_id_for_bar },
         { }
   };
 
   MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(i2c, foo_idtable);
 
   static struct i2c_driver foo_driver = {
         .driver = {
                 .name   = "foo",
                 .pm     = &foo_pm_ops,  /* optional */
         },
 
         .id_table       = foo_idtable,
         .probe_new      = foo_probe,
         .remove         = foo_remove,
         /* if device autodetection is needed: */
         .class          = I2C_CLASS_SOMETHING,
         .detect         = foo_detect,
         .address_list   = normal_i2c,
 
         .shutdown       = foo_shutdown, /* optional */
         .command        = foo_command,  /* optional, deprecated */
   }
 
 The name field is the driver name, and must not contain spaces.  It
 should match the module name (if the driver can be compiled as a module),
 although you can use MODULE_ALIAS (passing "foo" in this example) to add
 another name for the module.  If the driver name doesn't match the module
 name, the module won't be automatically loaded (hotplug/coldplug).
 
 All other fields are for call-back functions which will be explained
 below.
 
 
 Extra client data
 =================
 
 Each client structure has a special ``data`` field that can point to any
 structure at all.  You should use this to keep device-specific data.
 
 ::
 
         /* store the value */
         void i2c_set_clientdata(struct i2c_client *client, void *data);
 
         /* retrieve the value */
         void *i2c_get_clientdata(const struct i2c_client *client);
 
 Note that starting with kernel 2.6.34, you don't have to set the ``data`` field
 to NULL in remove() or if probe() failed anymore. The i2c-core does this
 automatically on these occasions. Those are also the only times the core will
 touch this field.
 
 
 Accessing the client
 ====================
 
 Let's say we have a valid client structure. At some time, we will need
 to gather information from the client, or write new information to the
 client.
 
 I have found it useful to define foo_read and foo_write functions for this.
 For some cases, it will be easier to call the I2C functions directly,
 but many chips have some kind of register-value idea that can easily
 be encapsulated.
 
 The below functions are simple examples, and should not be copied
 literally::
 
   int foo_read_value(struct i2c_client *client, u8 reg)
   {
         if (reg < 0x10) /* byte-sized register */
                 return i2c_smbus_read_byte_data(client, reg);
         else            /* word-sized register */
                 return i2c_smbus_read_word_data(client, reg);
   }
 
   int foo_write_value(struct i2c_client *client, u8 reg, u16 value)
   {
         if (reg == 0x10)        /* Impossible to write - driver error! */
                 return -EINVAL;
         else if (reg < 0x10)    /* byte-sized register */
                 return i2c_smbus_write_byte_data(client, reg, value);
         else                    /* word-sized register */
                 return i2c_smbus_write_word_data(client, reg, value);
   }
 
 
 Probing and attaching
 =====================
 
 The Linux I2C stack was originally written to support access to hardware
 monitoring chips on PC motherboards, and thus used to embed some assumptions
 that were more appropriate to SMBus (and PCs) than to I2C.  One of these
 assumptions was that most adapters and devices drivers support the SMBUS_QUICK
 protocol to probe device presence.  Another was that devices and their drivers
 can be sufficiently configured using only such probe primitives.
 
 As Linux and its I2C stack became more widely used in embedded systems
 and complex components such as DVB adapters, those assumptions became more
 problematic.  Drivers for I2C devices that issue interrupts need more (and
 different) configuration information, as do drivers handling chip variants
 that can't be distinguished by protocol probing, or which need some board
 specific information to operate correctly.
 
 
 Device/Driver Binding
 ---------------------
 
 System infrastructure, typically board-specific initialization code or
 boot firmware, reports what I2C devices exist.  For example, there may be
 a table, in the kernel or from the boot loader, identifying I2C devices
 and linking them to board-specific configuration information about IRQs
 and other wiring artifacts, chip type, and so on.  That could be used to
 create i2c_client objects for each I2C device.
 
 I2C device drivers using this binding model work just like any other
 kind of driver in Linux:  they provide a probe() method to bind to
 those devices, and a remove() method to unbind.
 
 ::
 
         static int foo_probe(struct i2c_client *client);
         static int foo_remove(struct i2c_client *client);
 
 Remember that the i2c_driver does not create those client handles.  The
 handle may be used during foo_probe().  If foo_probe() reports success
 (zero not a negative status code) it may save the handle and use it until
 foo_remove() returns.  That binding model is used by most Linux drivers.
 
 The probe function is called when an entry in the id_table name field
 matches the device's name. If the probe function needs that entry, it
 can retrieve it using
 
 ::
 
         const struct i2c_device_id *id = i2c_match_id(foo_idtable, client);
 
 
 Device Creation
 ---------------
 
 If you know for a fact that an I2C device is connected to a given I2C bus,
 you can instantiate that device by simply filling an i2c_board_info
 structure with the device address and driver name, and calling
 i2c_new_client_device().  This will create the device, then the driver core
 will take care of finding the right driver and will call its probe() method.
 If a driver supports different device types, you can specify the type you
 want using the type field.  You can also specify an IRQ and platform data
 if needed.
 
 Sometimes you know that a device is connected to a given I2C bus, but you
 don't know the exact address it uses.  This happens on TV adapters for
 example, where the same driver supports dozens of slightly different
 models, and I2C device addresses change from one model to the next.  In
 that case, you can use the i2c_new_scanned_device() variant, which is
 similar to i2c_new_client_device(), except that it takes an additional list
 of possible I2C addresses to probe.  A device is created for the first
 responsive address in the list.  If you expect more than one device to be
 present in the address range, simply call i2c_new_scanned_device() that
 many times.
 
 The call to i2c_new_client_device() or i2c_new_scanned_device() typically
 happens in the I2C bus driver. You may want to save the returned i2c_client
 reference for later use.
 
 
 Device Detection
 ----------------
 
 Sometimes you do not know in advance which I2C devices are connected to
 a given I2C bus.  This is for example the case of hardware monitoring
 devices on a PC's SMBus.  In that case, you may want to let your driver
 detect supported devices automatically.  This is how the legacy model
 was working, and is now available as an extension to the standard
 driver model.
 
 You simply have to define a detect callback which will attempt to
 identify supported devices (returning 0 for supported ones and -ENODEV
 for unsupported ones), a list of addresses to probe, and a device type
 (or class) so that only I2C buses which may have that type of device
 connected (and not otherwise enumerated) will be probed.  For example,
 a driver for a hardware monitoring chip for which auto-detection is
 needed would set its class to I2C_CLASS_HWMON, and only I2C adapters
 with a class including I2C_CLASS_HWMON would be probed by this driver.
 Note that the absence of matching classes does not prevent the use of
 a device of that type on the given I2C adapter.  All it prevents is
 auto-detection; explicit instantiation of devices is still possible.
 
 Note that this mechanism is purely optional and not suitable for all
 devices.  You need some reliable way to identify the supported devices
 (typically using device-specific, dedicated identification registers),
 otherwise misdetections are likely to occur and things can get wrong
 quickly.  Keep in mind that the I2C protocol doesn't include any
 standard way to detect the presence of a chip at a given address, let
 alone a standard way to identify devices.  Even worse is the lack of
 semantics associated to bus transfers, which means that the same
 transfer can be seen as a read operation by a chip and as a write
 operation by another chip.  For these reasons, explicit device
 instantiation should always be preferred to auto-detection where
 possible.
 
 
 Device Deletion
 ---------------
 
 Each I2C device which has been created using i2c_new_client_device()
 or i2c_new_scanned_device() can be unregistered by calling
 i2c_unregister_device().  If you don't call it explicitly, it will be
 called automatically before the underlying I2C bus itself is removed,
 as a device can't survive its parent in the device driver model.
 
 
 Initializing the driver
 =======================
 
 When the kernel is booted, or when your foo driver module is inserted,
 you have to do some initializing. Fortunately, just registering the
 driver module is usually enough.
 
 ::
 
   static int __init foo_init(void)
   {
         return i2c_add_driver(&foo_driver);
   }
   module_init(foo_init);
 
   static void __exit foo_cleanup(void)
   {
         i2c_del_driver(&foo_driver);
   }
   module_exit(foo_cleanup);
 
   The module_i2c_driver() macro can be used to reduce above code.
 
   module_i2c_driver(foo_driver);
 
 Note that some functions are marked by ``__init``.  These functions can
 be removed after kernel booting (or module loading) is completed.
 Likewise, functions marked by ``__exit`` are dropped by the compiler when
 the code is built into the kernel, as they would never be called.
 
 
 Driver Information
 ==================
 
 ::
 
   /* Substitute your own name and email address */
   MODULE_AUTHOR("Frodo Looijaard <frodol@dds.nl>"
   MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Driver for Barf Inc. Foo I2C devices");
 
   /* a few non-GPL license types are also allowed */
   MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
 
 
 Power Management
 ================
 
 If your I2C device needs special handling when entering a system low
 power state -- like putting a transceiver into a low power mode, or
 activating a system wakeup mechanism -- do that by implementing the
 appropriate callbacks for the dev_pm_ops of the driver (like suspend
 and resume).
 
 These are standard driver model calls, and they work just like they
 would for any other driver stack.  The calls can sleep, and can use
 I2C messaging to the device being suspended or resumed (since their
 parent I2C adapter is active when these calls are issued, and IRQs
 are still enabled).
 
 
 System Shutdown
 ===============
 
 If your I2C device needs special handling when the system shuts down
 or reboots (including kexec) -- like turning something off -- use a
 shutdown() method.
 
 Again, this is a standard driver model call, working just like it
 would for any other driver stack:  the calls can sleep, and can use
 I2C messaging.
 
 
 Command function
 ================
 
 A generic ioctl-like function call back is supported. You will seldom
 need this, and its use is deprecated anyway, so newer design should not
 use it.
 
 
 Sending and receiving
 =====================
 
 If you want to communicate with your device, there are several functions
 to do this. You can find all of them in <linux/i2c.h>.
 
 If you can choose between plain I2C communication and SMBus level
 communication, please use the latter. All adapters understand SMBus level
 commands, but only some of them understand plain I2C!
 
 
 Plain I2C communication
 -----------------------
 
 ::
 
         int i2c_master_send(struct i2c_client *client, const char *buf,
                             int count);
         int i2c_master_recv(struct i2c_client *client, char *buf, int count);
 
 These routines read and write some bytes from/to a client. The client
 contains the I2C address, so you do not have to include it. The second
 parameter contains the bytes to read/write, the third the number of bytes
 to read/write (must be less than the length of the buffer, also should be
 less than 64k since msg.len is u16.) Returned is the actual number of bytes
 read/written.
 
 ::
 
         int i2c_transfer(struct i2c_adapter *adap, struct i2c_msg *msg,
                          int num);
 
 This sends a series of messages. Each message can be a read or write,
 and they can be mixed in any way. The transactions are combined: no
 stop condition is issued between transaction. The i2c_msg structure
 contains for each message the client address, the number of bytes of the
 message and the message data itself.
 
 You can read the file i2c-protocol.rst for more information about the
 actual I2C protocol.
 
 
 SMBus communication
 -------------------
 
 ::
 
         s32 i2c_smbus_xfer(struct i2c_adapter *adapter, u16 addr,
                            unsigned short flags, char read_write, u8 command,
                            int size, union i2c_smbus_data *data);
 
 This is the generic SMBus function. All functions below are implemented
 in terms of it. Never use this function directly!
 
 ::
 
         s32 i2c_smbus_read_byte(struct i2c_client *client);
         s32 i2c_smbus_write_byte(struct i2c_client *client, u8 value);
         s32 i2c_smbus_read_byte_data(struct i2c_client *client, u8 command);
         s32 i2c_smbus_write_byte_data(struct i2c_client *client,
                                       u8 command, u8 value);
         s32 i2c_smbus_read_word_data(struct i2c_client *client, u8 command);
         s32 i2c_smbus_write_word_data(struct i2c_client *client,
                                       u8 command, u16 value);
         s32 i2c_smbus_read_block_data(struct i2c_client *client,
                                       u8 command, u8 *values);
         s32 i2c_smbus_write_block_data(struct i2c_client *client,
                                        u8 command, u8 length, const u8 *values);
         s32 i2c_smbus_read_i2c_block_data(struct i2c_client *client,
                                           u8 command, u8 length, u8 *values);
         s32 i2c_smbus_write_i2c_block_data(struct i2c_client *client,
                                            u8 command, u8 length,
                                            const u8 *values);
 
 These ones were removed from i2c-core because they had no users, but could
 be added back later if needed::
 
         s32 i2c_smbus_write_quick(struct i2c_client *client, u8 value);
         s32 i2c_smbus_process_call(struct i2c_client *client,
                                    u8 command, u16 value);
         s32 i2c_smbus_block_process_call(struct i2c_client *client,
                                          u8 command, u8 length, u8 *values);
 
 All these transactions return a negative errno value on failure. The 'write'
 transactions return 0 on success; the 'read' transactions return the read
 value, except for block transactions, which return the number of values
 read. The block buffers need not be longer than 32 bytes.
 
 You can read the file smbus-protocol.rst for more information about the
 actual SMBus protocol.
 
 
 General purpose routines
 ========================
 
 Below all general purpose routines are listed, that were not mentioned
 before::
 
         /* Return the adapter number for a specific adapter */
         int i2c_adapter_id(struct i2c_adapter *adap);

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