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 ====
 VFAT
 ====
 
 USING VFAT
 ==========
 
 To use the vfat filesystem, use the filesystem type 'vfat'.  i.e.::
 
   mount -t vfat /dev/fd0 /mnt
 
 
 No special partition formatter is required,
 'mkdosfs' will work fine if you want to format from within Linux.
 
 VFAT MOUNT OPTIONS
 ==================
 
 **uid=###**
         Set the owner of all files on this filesystem.
         The default is the uid of current process.
 
 **gid=###**
         Set the group of all files on this filesystem.
         The default is the gid of current process.
 
 **umask=###**
         The permission mask (for files and directories, see *umask(1)*).
         The default is the umask of current process.
 
 **dmask=###**
         The permission mask for the directory.
         The default is the umask of current process.
 
 **fmask=###**
         The permission mask for files.
         The default is the umask of current process.
 
 **allow_utime=###**
         This option controls the permission check of mtime/atime.
 
                 **-20**: If current process is in group of file's group ID,
                 you can change timestamp.
 
                 **-2**: Other users can change timestamp.
 
         The default is set from dmask option. If the directory is
         writable, utime(2) is also allowed. i.e. ~dmask & 022.
 
         Normally utime(2) checks current process is owner of
         the file, or it has CAP_FOWNER capability. But FAT
         filesystem doesn't have uid/gid on disk, so normal
         check is too unflexible. With this option you can
         relax it.
 
 **codepage=###**
         Sets the codepage number for converting to shortname
         characters on FAT filesystem.
         By default, FAT_DEFAULT_CODEPAGE setting is used.
 
 **iocharset=<name>**
         Character set to use for converting between the
         encoding is used for user visible filename and 16 bit
         Unicode characters. Long filenames are stored on disk
         in Unicode format, but Unix for the most part doesn't
         know how to deal with Unicode.
         By default, FAT_DEFAULT_IOCHARSET setting is used.
 
         There is also an option of doing UTF-8 translations
         with the utf8 option.
 
 .. note:: ``iocharset=utf8`` is not recommended. If unsure, you should consider
           the utf8 option instead.
 
 **utf8=<bool>**
         UTF-8 is the filesystem safe version of Unicode that
         is used by the console. It can be enabled or disabled
         for the filesystem with this option.
         If 'uni_xlate' gets set, UTF-8 gets disabled.
         By default, FAT_DEFAULT_UTF8 setting is used.
 
 **uni_xlate=<bool>**
         Translate unhandled Unicode characters to special
         escaped sequences.  This would let you backup and
         restore filenames that are created with any Unicode
         characters.  Until Linux supports Unicode for real,
         this gives you an alternative.  Without this option,
         a '?' is used when no translation is possible.  The
         escape character is ':' because it is otherwise
         illegal on the vfat filesystem.  The escape sequence
         that gets used is ':' and the four digits of hexadecimal
         unicode.
 
 **nonumtail=<bool>**
         When creating 8.3 aliases, normally the alias will
         end in '~1' or tilde followed by some number.  If this
         option is set, then if the filename is
         "longfilename.txt" and "longfile.txt" does not
         currently exist in the directory, longfile.txt will
         be the short alias instead of longfi~1.txt.
 
 **usefree**
         Use the "free clusters" value stored on FSINFO. It will
         be used to determine number of free clusters without
         scanning disk. But it's not used by default, because
         recent Windows don't update it correctly in some
         case. If you are sure the "free clusters" on FSINFO is
         correct, by this option you can avoid scanning disk.
 
 **quiet**
         Stops printing certain warning messages.
 
 **check=s|r|n**
         Case sensitivity checking setting.
 
         **s**: strict, case sensitive
 
         **r**: relaxed, case insensitive
 
         **n**: normal, default setting, currently case insensitive
 
 **nocase**
         This was deprecated for vfat. Use ``shortname=win95`` instead.
 
 **shortname=lower|win95|winnt|mixed**
         Shortname display/create setting.
 
         **lower**: convert to lowercase for display,
         emulate the Windows 95 rule for create.
 
         **win95**: emulate the Windows 95 rule for display/create.
 
         **winnt**: emulate the Windows NT rule for display/create.
 
         **mixed**: emulate the Windows NT rule for display,
         emulate the Windows 95 rule for create.
 
         Default setting is `mixed`.
 
 **tz=UTC**
         Interpret timestamps as UTC rather than local time.
         This option disables the conversion of timestamps
         between local time (as used by Windows on FAT) and UTC
         (which Linux uses internally).  This is particularly
         useful when mounting devices (like digital cameras)
         that are set to UTC in order to avoid the pitfalls of
         local time.
 
 **time_offset=minutes**
         Set offset for conversion of timestamps from local time
         used by FAT to UTC. I.e. <minutes> minutes will be subtracted
         from each timestamp to convert it to UTC used internally by
         Linux. This is useful when time zone set in ``sys_tz`` is
         not the time zone used by the filesystem. Note that this
         option still does not provide correct time stamps in all
         cases in presence of DST - time stamps in a different DST
         setting will be off by one hour.
 
 **showexec**
         If set, the execute permission bits of the file will be
         allowed only if the extension part of the name is .EXE,
         .COM, or .BAT. Not set by default.
 
 **debug**
         Can be set, but unused by the current implementation.
 
 **sys_immutable**
         If set, ATTR_SYS attribute on FAT is handled as
         IMMUTABLE flag on Linux. Not set by default.
 
 **flush**
         If set, the filesystem will try to flush to disk more
         early than normal. Not set by default.
 
 **rodir**
         FAT has the ATTR_RO (read-only) attribute. On Windows,
         the ATTR_RO of the directory will just be ignored,
         and is used only by applications as a flag (e.g. it's set
         for the customized folder).
 
         If you want to use ATTR_RO as read-only flag even for
         the directory, set this option.
 
 **errors=panic|continue|remount-ro**
         specify FAT behavior on critical errors: panic, continue
         without doing anything or remount the partition in
         read-only mode (default behavior).
 
 **discard**
         If set, issues discard/TRIM commands to the block
         device when blocks are freed. This is useful for SSD devices
         and sparse/thinly-provisioned LUNs.
 
 **nfs=stale_rw|nostale_ro**
         Enable this only if you want to export the FAT filesystem
         over NFS.
 
                 **stale_rw**: This option maintains an index (cache) of directory
                 *inodes* by *i_logstart* which is used by the nfs-related code to
                 improve look-ups. Full file operations (read/write) over NFS is
                 supported but with cache eviction at NFS server, this could
                 result in ESTALE issues.
 
                 **nostale_ro**: This option bases the *inode* number and filehandle
                 on the on-disk location of a file in the MS-DOS directory entry.
                 This ensures that ESTALE will not be returned after a file is
                 evicted from the inode cache. However, it means that operations
                 such as rename, create and unlink could cause filehandles that
                 previously pointed at one file to point at a different file,
                 potentially causing data corruption. For this reason, this
                 option also mounts the filesystem readonly.
 
         To maintain backward compatibility, ``'-o nfs'`` is also accepted,
         defaulting to "stale_rw".
 
 **dos1xfloppy  <bool>: 0,1,yes,no,true,false**
         If set, use a fallback default BIOS Parameter Block
         configuration, determined by backing device size. These static
         parameters match defaults assumed by DOS 1.x for 160 kiB,
         180 kiB, 320 kiB, and 360 kiB floppies and floppy images.
 
 
 
 LIMITATION
 ==========
 
 The fallocated region of file is discarded at umount/evict time
 when using fallocate with FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE.
 So, User should assume that fallocated region can be discarded at
 last close if there is memory pressure resulting in eviction of
 the inode from the memory. As a result, for any dependency on
 the fallocated region, user should make sure to recheck fallocate
 after reopening the file.
 
 TODO
 ====
 Need to get rid of the raw scanning stuff.  Instead, always use
 a get next directory entry approach.  The only thing left that uses
 raw scanning is the directory renaming code.
 
 
 POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
 =================
 
 - vfat_valid_longname does not properly checked reserved names.
 - When a volume name is the same as a directory name in the root
   directory of the filesystem, the directory name sometimes shows
   up as an empty file.
 - autoconv option does not work correctly.
 
 
 TEST SUITE
 ==========
 If you plan to make any modifications to the vfat filesystem, please
 get the test suite that comes with the vfat distribution at
 
 `<http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://bmrc.berkeley.edu/people/chaffee/vfat.html>`_
 
 This tests quite a few parts of the vfat filesystem and additional
 tests for new features or untested features would be appreciated.
 
 NOTES ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE VFAT FILESYSTEM
 =============================================
 This documentation was provided by Galen C. Hunt gchunt@cs.rochester.edu and
 lightly annotated by Gordon Chaffee.
 
 This document presents a very rough, technical overview of my
 knowledge of the extended FAT file system used in Windows NT 3.5 and
 Windows 95.  I don't guarantee that any of the following is correct,
 but it appears to be so.
 
 The extended FAT file system is almost identical to the FAT
 file system used in DOS versions up to and including *6.223410239847*
 :-).  The significant change has been the addition of long file names.
 These names support up to 255 characters including spaces and lower
 case characters as opposed to the traditional 8.3 short names.
 
 Here is the description of the traditional FAT entry in the current
 Windows 95 filesystem::
 
         struct directory { // Short 8.3 names
                 unsigned char name[8];          // file name
                 unsigned char ext[3];           // file extension
                 unsigned char attr;             // attribute byte
                 unsigned char lcase;            // Case for base and extension
                 unsigned char ctime_ms;         // Creation time, milliseconds
                 unsigned char ctime[2];         // Creation time
                 unsigned char cdate[2];         // Creation date
                 unsigned char adate[2];         // Last access date
                 unsigned char reserved[2];      // reserved values (ignored)
                 unsigned char time[2];          // time stamp
                 unsigned char date[2];          // date stamp
                 unsigned char start[2];         // starting cluster number
                 unsigned char size[4];          // size of the file
         };
 
 
 The lcase field specifies if the base and/or the extension of an 8.3
 name should be capitalized.  This field does not seem to be used by
 Windows 95 but it is used by Windows NT.  The case of filenames is not
 completely compatible from Windows NT to Windows 95.  It is not completely
 compatible in the reverse direction, however.  Filenames that fit in
 the 8.3 namespace and are written on Windows NT to be lowercase will
 show up as uppercase on Windows 95.
 
 .. note:: Note that the ``start`` and ``size`` values are actually little
           endian integer values.  The descriptions of the fields in this
           structure are public knowledge and can be found elsewhere.
 
 With the extended FAT system, Microsoft has inserted extra
 directory entries for any files with extended names.  (Any name which
 legally fits within the old 8.3 encoding scheme does not have extra
 entries.)  I call these extra entries slots.  Basically, a slot is a
 specially formatted directory entry which holds up to 13 characters of
 a file's extended name.  Think of slots as additional labeling for the
 directory entry of the file to which they correspond.  Microsoft
 prefers to refer to the 8.3 entry for a file as its alias and the
 extended slot directory entries as the file name.
 
 The C structure for a slot directory entry follows::
 
         struct slot { // Up to 13 characters of a long name
                 unsigned char id;               // sequence number for slot
                 unsigned char name0_4[10];      // first 5 characters in name
                 unsigned char attr;             // attribute byte
                 unsigned char reserved;         // always 0
                 unsigned char alias_checksum;   // checksum for 8.3 alias
                 unsigned char name5_10[12];     // 6 more characters in name
                 unsigned char start[2];         // starting cluster number
                 unsigned char name11_12[4];     // last 2 characters in name
         };
 
 
 If the layout of the slots looks a little odd, it's only
 because of Microsoft's efforts to maintain compatibility with old
 software.  The slots must be disguised to prevent old software from
 panicking.  To this end, a number of measures are taken:
 
         1) The attribute byte for a slot directory entry is always set
            to 0x0f.  This corresponds to an old directory entry with
            attributes of "hidden", "system", "read-only", and "volume
            label".  Most old software will ignore any directory
            entries with the "volume label" bit set.  Real volume label
            entries don't have the other three bits set.
 
         2) The starting cluster is always set to 0, an impossible
            value for a DOS file.
 
 Because the extended FAT system is backward compatible, it is
 possible for old software to modify directory entries.  Measures must
 be taken to ensure the validity of slots.  An extended FAT system can
 verify that a slot does in fact belong to an 8.3 directory entry by
 the following:
 
         1) Positioning.  Slots for a file always immediately proceed
            their corresponding 8.3 directory entry.  In addition, each
            slot has an id which marks its order in the extended file
            name.  Here is a very abbreviated view of an 8.3 directory
            entry and its corresponding long name slots for the file
            "My Big File.Extension which is long"::
 
                 <proceeding files...>
                 <slot #3, id = 0x43, characters = "h is long">
                 <slot #2, id = 0x02, characters = "xtension whic">
                 <slot #1, id = 0x01, characters = "My Big File.E">
                 <directory entry, name = "MYBIGFIL.EXT">
 
 
            .. note:: Note that the slots are stored from last to first.  Slots
                      are numbered from 1 to N.  The Nth slot is ``or'ed`` with
                      0x40 to mark it as the last one.
 
         2) Checksum.  Each slot has an alias_checksum value.  The
            checksum is calculated from the 8.3 name using the
            following algorithm::
 
                 for (sum = i = 0; i < 11; i++) {
                         sum = (((sum&1)<<7)|((sum&0xfe)>>1)) + name[i]
                 }
 
 
         3) If there is free space in the final slot, a Unicode ``NULL (0x0000)``
            is stored after the final character.  After that, all unused
            characters in the final slot are set to Unicode 0xFFFF.
 
 Finally, note that the extended name is stored in Unicode.  Each Unicode
 character takes either two or four bytes, UTF-16LE encoded.

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