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 ===================================
 Documentation for /proc/sys/kernel/
 ===================================
 
 .. See scripts/check-sysctl-docs to keep this up to date
 
 
 Copyright (c) 1998, 1999,  Rik van Riel <riel@nl.linux.org>
 
 Copyright (c) 2009,        Shen Feng<shen@cn.fujitsu.com>
 
 For general info and legal blurb, please look in
 Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/index.rst.
 
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 This file contains documentation for the sysctl files in
 ``/proc/sys/kernel/``.
 
 The files in this directory can be used to tune and monitor
 miscellaneous and general things in the operation of the Linux
 kernel. Since some of the files *can* be used to screw up your
 system, it is advisable to read both documentation and source
 before actually making adjustments.
 
 Currently, these files might (depending on your configuration)
 show up in ``/proc/sys/kernel``:
 
 .. contents:: :local:
 
 
 acct
 ====
 
 ::
 
     highwater lowwater frequency
 
 If BSD-style process accounting is enabled these values control
 its behaviour. If free space on filesystem where the log lives
 goes below ``lowwater``\ % accounting suspends. If free space gets
 above ``highwater``\ % accounting resumes. ``frequency`` determines
 how often do we check the amount of free space (value is in
 seconds). Default:
 
 ::
 
     4 2 30
 
 That is, suspend accounting if free space drops below 2%; resume it
 if it increases to at least 4%; consider information about amount of
 free space valid for 30 seconds.
 
 
 acpi_video_flags
 ================
 
 See Documentation/power/video.rst. This allows the video resume mode to be set,
 in a similar fashion to the ``acpi_sleep`` kernel parameter, by
 combining the following values:
 
 = =======
 1 s3_bios
 2 s3_mode
 4 s3_beep
 = =======
 
 
 auto_msgmni
 ===========
 
 This variable has no effect and may be removed in future kernel
 releases. Reading it always returns 0.
 Up to Linux 3.17, it enabled/disabled automatic recomputing of
 `msgmni`_
 upon memory add/remove or upon IPC namespace creation/removal.
 Echoing "1" into this file enabled msgmni automatic recomputing.
 Echoing "0" turned it off. The default value was 1.
 
 
 bootloader_type (x86 only)
 ==========================
 
 This gives the bootloader type number as indicated by the bootloader,
 shifted left by 4, and OR'd with the low four bits of the bootloader
 version.  The reason for this encoding is that this used to match the
 ``type_of_loader`` field in the kernel header; the encoding is kept for
 backwards compatibility.  That is, if the full bootloader type number
 is 0x15 and the full version number is 0x234, this file will contain
 the value 340 = 0x154.
 
 See the ``type_of_loader`` and ``ext_loader_type`` fields in
 Documentation/x86/boot.rst for additional information.
 
 
 bootloader_version (x86 only)
 =============================
 
 The complete bootloader version number.  In the example above, this
 file will contain the value 564 = 0x234.
 
 See the ``type_of_loader`` and ``ext_loader_ver`` fields in
 Documentation/x86/boot.rst for additional information.
 
 
 bpf_stats_enabled
 =================
 
 Controls whether the kernel should collect statistics on BPF programs
 (total time spent running, number of times run...). Enabling
 statistics causes a slight reduction in performance on each program
 run. The statistics can be seen using ``bpftool``.
 
 = ===================================
 0 Don't collect statistics (default).
 1 Collect statistics.
 = ===================================
 
 
 cad_pid
 =======
 
 This is the pid which will be signalled on reboot (notably, by
 Ctrl-Alt-Delete). Writing a value to this file which doesn't
 correspond to a running process will result in ``-ESRCH``.
 
 See also `ctrl-alt-del`_.
 
 
 cap_last_cap
 ============
 
 Highest valid capability of the running kernel.  Exports
 ``CAP_LAST_CAP`` from the kernel.
 
 
 core_pattern
 ============
 
 ``core_pattern`` is used to specify a core dumpfile pattern name.
 
 * max length 127 characters; default value is "core"
 * ``core_pattern`` is used as a pattern template for the output
   filename; certain string patterns (beginning with '%') are
   substituted with their actual values.
 * backward compatibility with ``core_uses_pid``:
 
         If ``core_pattern`` does not include "%p" (default does not)
         and ``core_uses_pid`` is set, then .PID will be appended to
         the filename.
 
 * corename format specifiers
 
         ========        ==========================================
         %<NUL>          '%' is dropped
         %%              output one '%'
         %p              pid
         %P              global pid (init PID namespace)
         %i              tid
         %I              global tid (init PID namespace)
         %u              uid (in initial user namespace)
         %g              gid (in initial user namespace)
         %d              dump mode, matches ``PR_SET_DUMPABLE`` and
                         ``/proc/sys/fs/suid_dumpable``
         %s              signal number
         %t              UNIX time of dump
         %h              hostname
         %e              executable filename (may be shortened, could be changed by prctl etc)
         %f              executable filename
         %E              executable path
         %c              maximum size of core file by resource limit RLIMIT_CORE
         %<OTHER>        both are dropped
         ========        ==========================================
 
 * If the first character of the pattern is a '|', the kernel will treat
   the rest of the pattern as a command to run.  The core dump will be
   written to the standard input of that program instead of to a file.
 
 
 core_pipe_limit
 ===============
 
 This sysctl is only applicable when `core_pattern`_ is configured to
 pipe core files to a user space helper (when the first character of
 ``core_pattern`` is a '|', see above).
 When collecting cores via a pipe to an application, it is occasionally
 useful for the collecting application to gather data about the
 crashing process from its ``/proc/pid`` directory.
 In order to do this safely, the kernel must wait for the collecting
 process to exit, so as not to remove the crashing processes proc files
 prematurely.
 This in turn creates the possibility that a misbehaving userspace
 collecting process can block the reaping of a crashed process simply
 by never exiting.
 This sysctl defends against that.
 It defines how many concurrent crashing processes may be piped to user
 space applications in parallel.
 If this value is exceeded, then those crashing processes above that
 value are noted via the kernel log and their cores are skipped.
 0 is a special value, indicating that unlimited processes may be
 captured in parallel, but that no waiting will take place (i.e. the
 collecting process is not guaranteed access to ``/proc/<crashing
 pid>/``).
 This value defaults to 0.
 
 
 core_uses_pid
 =============
 
 The default coredump filename is "core".  By setting
 ``core_uses_pid`` to 1, the coredump filename becomes core.PID.
 If `core_pattern`_ does not include "%p" (default does not)
 and ``core_uses_pid`` is set, then .PID will be appended to
 the filename.
 
 
 ctrl-alt-del
 ============
 
 When the value in this file is 0, ctrl-alt-del is trapped and
 sent to the ``init(1)`` program to handle a graceful restart.
 When, however, the value is > 0, Linux's reaction to a Vulcan
 Nerve Pinch (tm) will be an immediate reboot, without even
 syncing its dirty buffers.
 
 Note:
   when a program (like dosemu) has the keyboard in 'raw'
   mode, the ctrl-alt-del is intercepted by the program before it
   ever reaches the kernel tty layer, and it's up to the program
   to decide what to do with it.
 
 
 dmesg_restrict
 ==============
 
 This toggle indicates whether unprivileged users are prevented
 from using ``dmesg(8)`` to view messages from the kernel's log
 buffer.
 When ``dmesg_restrict`` is set to 0 there are no restrictions.
 When ``dmesg_restrict`` is set to 1, users must have
 ``CAP_SYSLOG`` to use ``dmesg(8)``.
 
 The kernel config option ``CONFIG_SECURITY_DMESG_RESTRICT`` sets the
 default value of ``dmesg_restrict``.
 
 
 domainname & hostname
 =====================
 
 These files can be used to set the NIS/YP domainname and the
 hostname of your box in exactly the same way as the commands
 domainname and hostname, i.e.::
 
         # echo "darkstar" > /proc/sys/kernel/hostname
         # echo "mydomain" > /proc/sys/kernel/domainname
 
 has the same effect as::
 
         # hostname "darkstar"
         # domainname "mydomain"
 
 Note, however, that the classic darkstar.frop.org has the
 hostname "darkstar" and DNS (Internet Domain Name Server)
 domainname "frop.org", not to be confused with the NIS (Network
 Information Service) or YP (Yellow Pages) domainname. These two
 domain names are in general different. For a detailed discussion
 see the ``hostname(1)`` man page.
 
 
 firmware_config
 ===============
 
 See Documentation/driver-api/firmware/fallback-mechanisms.rst.
 
 The entries in this directory allow the firmware loader helper
 fallback to be controlled:
 
 * ``force_sysfs_fallback``, when set to 1, forces the use of the
   fallback;
 * ``ignore_sysfs_fallback``, when set to 1, ignores any fallback.
 
 
 ftrace_dump_on_oops
 ===================
 
 Determines whether ``ftrace_dump()`` should be called on an oops (or
 kernel panic). This will output the contents of the ftrace buffers to
 the console.  This is very useful for capturing traces that lead to
 crashes and outputting them to a serial console.
 
 = ===================================================
 0 Disabled (default).
 1 Dump buffers of all CPUs.
 2 Dump the buffer of the CPU that triggered the oops.
 = ===================================================
 
 
 ftrace_enabled, stack_tracer_enabled
 ====================================
 
 See Documentation/trace/ftrace.rst.
 
 
 hardlockup_all_cpu_backtrace
 ============================
 
 This value controls the hard lockup detector behavior when a hard
 lockup condition is detected as to whether or not to gather further
 debug information. If enabled, arch-specific all-CPU stack dumping
 will be initiated.
 
 = ============================================
 0 Do nothing. This is the default behavior.
 1 On detection capture more debug information.
 = ============================================
 
 
 hardlockup_panic
 ================
 
 This parameter can be used to control whether the kernel panics
 when a hard lockup is detected.
 
 = ===========================
 0 Don't panic on hard lockup.
 1 Panic on hard lockup.
 = ===========================
 
 See Documentation/admin-guide/lockup-watchdogs.rst for more information.
 This can also be set using the nmi_watchdog kernel parameter.
 
 
 hotplug
 =======
 
 Path for the hotplug policy agent.
 Default value is ``CONFIG_UEVENT_HELPER_PATH``, which in turn defaults
 to the empty string.
 
 This file only exists when ``CONFIG_UEVENT_HELPER`` is enabled. Most
 modern systems rely exclusively on the netlink-based uevent source and
 don't need this.
 
 
 hung_task_all_cpu_backtrace
 ===========================
 
 If this option is set, the kernel will send an NMI to all CPUs to dump
 their backtraces when a hung task is detected. This file shows up if
 CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TASK and CONFIG_SMP are enabled.
 
 0: Won't show all CPUs backtraces when a hung task is detected.
 This is the default behavior.
 
 1: Will non-maskably interrupt all CPUs and dump their backtraces when
 a hung task is detected.
 
 
 hung_task_panic
 ===============
 
 Controls the kernel's behavior when a hung task is detected.
 This file shows up if ``CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TASK`` is enabled.
 
 = =================================================
 0 Continue operation. This is the default behavior.
 1 Panic immediately.
 = =================================================
 
 
 hung_task_check_count
 =====================
 
 The upper bound on the number of tasks that are checked.
 This file shows up if ``CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TASK`` is enabled.
 
 
 hung_task_timeout_secs
 ======================
 
 When a task in D state did not get scheduled
 for more than this value report a warning.
 This file shows up if ``CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TASK`` is enabled.
 
 0 means infinite timeout, no checking is done.
 
 Possible values to set are in range {0:``LONG_MAX``/``HZ``}.
 
 
 hung_task_check_interval_secs
 =============================
 
 Hung task check interval. If hung task checking is enabled
 (see `hung_task_timeout_secs`_), the check is done every
 ``hung_task_check_interval_secs`` seconds.
 This file shows up if ``CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TASK`` is enabled.
 
 0 (default) means use ``hung_task_timeout_secs`` as checking
 interval.
 
 Possible values to set are in range {0:``LONG_MAX``/``HZ``}.
 
 
 hung_task_warnings
 ==================
 
 The maximum number of warnings to report. During a check interval
 if a hung task is detected, this value is decreased by 1.
 When this value reaches 0, no more warnings will be reported.
 This file shows up if ``CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TASK`` is enabled.
 
 -1: report an infinite number of warnings.
 
 
 hyperv_record_panic_msg
 =======================
 
 Controls whether the panic kmsg data should be reported to Hyper-V.
 
 = =========================================================
 0 Do not report panic kmsg data.
 1 Report the panic kmsg data. This is the default behavior.
 = =========================================================
 
 
 ignore-unaligned-usertrap
 =========================
 
 On architectures where unaligned accesses cause traps, and where this
 feature is supported (``CONFIG_SYSCTL_ARCH_UNALIGN_NO_WARN``;
 currently, ``arc`` and ``ia64``), controls whether all unaligned traps
 are logged.
 
 = =============================================================
 0 Log all unaligned accesses.
 1 Only warn the first time a process traps. This is the default
   setting.
 = =============================================================
 
 See also `unaligned-trap`_ and `unaligned-dump-stack`_. On ``ia64``,
 this allows system administrators to override the
 ``IA64_THREAD_UAC_NOPRINT`` ``prctl`` and avoid logs being flooded.
 
 
 kexec_load_disabled
 ===================
 
 A toggle indicating if the ``kexec_load`` syscall has been disabled.
 This value defaults to 0 (false: ``kexec_load`` enabled), but can be
 set to 1 (true: ``kexec_load`` disabled).
 Once true, kexec can no longer be used, and the toggle cannot be set
 back to false.
 This allows a kexec image to be loaded before disabling the syscall,
 allowing a system to set up (and later use) an image without it being
 altered.
 Generally used together with the `modules_disabled`_ sysctl.
 
 
 kptr_restrict
 =============
 
 This toggle indicates whether restrictions are placed on
 exposing kernel addresses via ``/proc`` and other interfaces.
 
 When ``kptr_restrict`` is set to 0 (the default) the address is hashed
 before printing.
 (This is the equivalent to %p.)
 
 When ``kptr_restrict`` is set to 1, kernel pointers printed using the
 %pK format specifier will be replaced with 0s unless the user has
 ``CAP_SYSLOG`` and effective user and group ids are equal to the real
 ids.
 This is because %pK checks are done at read() time rather than open()
 time, so if permissions are elevated between the open() and the read()
 (e.g via a setuid binary) then %pK will not leak kernel pointers to
 unprivileged users.
 Note, this is a temporary solution only.
 The correct long-term solution is to do the permission checks at
 open() time.
 Consider removing world read permissions from files that use %pK, and
 using `dmesg_restrict`_ to protect against uses of %pK in ``dmesg(8)``
 if leaking kernel pointer values to unprivileged users is a concern.
 
 When ``kptr_restrict`` is set to 2, kernel pointers printed using
 %pK will be replaced with 0s regardless of privileges.
 
 
 modprobe
 ========
 
 The full path to the usermode helper for autoloading kernel modules,
 by default ``CONFIG_MODPROBE_PATH``, which in turn defaults to
 "/sbin/modprobe".  This binary is executed when the kernel requests a
 module.  For example, if userspace passes an unknown filesystem type
 to mount(), then the kernel will automatically request the
 corresponding filesystem module by executing this usermode helper.
 This usermode helper should insert the needed module into the kernel.
 
 This sysctl only affects module autoloading.  It has no effect on the
 ability to explicitly insert modules.
 
 This sysctl can be used to debug module loading requests::
 
     echo '#! /bin/sh' > /tmp/modprobe
     echo 'echo "$@" >> /tmp/modprobe.log' >> /tmp/modprobe
     echo 'exec /sbin/modprobe "$@"' >> /tmp/modprobe
     chmod a+x /tmp/modprobe
     echo /tmp/modprobe > /proc/sys/kernel/modprobe
 
 Alternatively, if this sysctl is set to the empty string, then module
 autoloading is completely disabled.  The kernel will not try to
 execute a usermode helper at all, nor will it call the
 kernel_module_request LSM hook.
 
 If CONFIG_STATIC_USERMODEHELPER=y is set in the kernel configuration,
 then the configured static usermode helper overrides this sysctl,
 except that the empty string is still accepted to completely disable
 module autoloading as described above.
 
 modules_disabled
 ================
 
 A toggle value indicating if modules are allowed to be loaded
 in an otherwise modular kernel.  This toggle defaults to off
 (0), but can be set true (1).  Once true, modules can be
 neither loaded nor unloaded, and the toggle cannot be set back
 to false.  Generally used with the `kexec_load_disabled`_ toggle.
 
 
 .. _msgmni:
 
 msgmax, msgmnb, and msgmni
 ==========================
 
 ``msgmax`` is the maximum size of an IPC message, in bytes. 8192 by
 default (``MSGMAX``).
 
 ``msgmnb`` is the maximum size of an IPC queue, in bytes. 16384 by
 default (``MSGMNB``).
 
 ``msgmni`` is the maximum number of IPC queues. 32000 by default
 (``MSGMNI``).
 
 
 msg_next_id, sem_next_id, and shm_next_id (System V IPC)
 ========================================================
 
 These three toggles allows to specify desired id for next allocated IPC
 object: message, semaphore or shared memory respectively.
 
 By default they are equal to -1, which means generic allocation logic.
 Possible values to set are in range {0:``INT_MAX``}.
 
 Notes:
   1) kernel doesn't guarantee, that new object will have desired id. So,
      it's up to userspace, how to handle an object with "wrong" id.
   2) Toggle with non-default value will be set back to -1 by kernel after
      successful IPC object allocation. If an IPC object allocation syscall
      fails, it is undefined if the value remains unmodified or is reset to -1.
 
 
 ngroups_max
 ===========
 
 Maximum number of supplementary groups, _i.e._ the maximum size which
 ``setgroups`` will accept. Exports ``NGROUPS_MAX`` from the kernel.
 
 
 
 nmi_watchdog
 ============
 
 This parameter can be used to control the NMI watchdog
 (i.e. the hard lockup detector) on x86 systems.
 
 = =================================
 0 Disable the hard lockup detector.
 1 Enable the hard lockup detector.
 = =================================
 
 The hard lockup detector monitors each CPU for its ability to respond to
 timer interrupts. The mechanism utilizes CPU performance counter registers
 that are programmed to generate Non-Maskable Interrupts (NMIs) periodically
 while a CPU is busy. Hence, the alternative name 'NMI watchdog'.
 
 The NMI watchdog is disabled by default if the kernel is running as a guest
 in a KVM virtual machine. This default can be overridden by adding::
 
    nmi_watchdog=1
 
 to the guest kernel command line (see
 Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.rst).
 
 
 nmi_wd_lpm_factor (PPC only)
 ============================
 
 Factor to apply to the NMI watchdog timeout (only when ``nmi_watchdog`` is
 set to 1). This factor represents the percentage added to
 ``watchdog_thresh`` when calculating the NMI watchdog timeout during an
 LPM. The soft lockup timeout is not impacted.
 
 A value of 0 means no change. The default value is 200 meaning the NMI
 watchdog is set to 30s (based on ``watchdog_thresh`` equal to 10).
 
 
 numa_balancing
 ==============
 
 Enables/disables and configures automatic page fault based NUMA memory
 balancing.  Memory is moved automatically to nodes that access it often.
 The value to set can be the result of ORing the following:
 
 = =================================
 0 NUMA_BALANCING_DISABLED
 1 NUMA_BALANCING_NORMAL
 2 NUMA_BALANCING_MEMORY_TIERING
 = =================================
 
 Or NUMA_BALANCING_NORMAL to optimize page placement among different
 NUMA nodes to reduce remote accessing.  On NUMA machines, there is a
 performance penalty if remote memory is accessed by a CPU. When this
 feature is enabled the kernel samples what task thread is accessing
 memory by periodically unmapping pages and later trapping a page
 fault. At the time of the page fault, it is determined if the data
 being accessed should be migrated to a local memory node.
 
 The unmapping of pages and trapping faults incur additional overhead that
 ideally is offset by improved memory locality but there is no universal
 guarantee. If the target workload is already bound to NUMA nodes then this
 feature should be disabled.
 
 Or NUMA_BALANCING_MEMORY_TIERING to optimize page placement among
 different types of memory (represented as different NUMA nodes) to
 place the hot pages in the fast memory.  This is implemented based on
 unmapping and page fault too.
 
 oops_all_cpu_backtrace
 ======================
 
 If this option is set, the kernel will send an NMI to all CPUs to dump
 their backtraces when an oops event occurs. It should be used as a last
 resort in case a panic cannot be triggered (to protect VMs running, for
 example) or kdump can't be collected. This file shows up if CONFIG_SMP
 is enabled.
 
 0: Won't show all CPUs backtraces when an oops is detected.
 This is the default behavior.
 
 1: Will non-maskably interrupt all CPUs and dump their backtraces when
 an oops event is detected.
 
 
 osrelease, ostype & version
 ===========================
 
 ::
 
   # cat osrelease
   2.1.88
   # cat ostype
   Linux
   # cat version
   #5 Wed Feb 25 21:49:24 MET 1998
 
 The files ``osrelease`` and ``ostype`` should be clear enough.
 ``version``
 needs a little more clarification however. The '#5' means that
 this is the fifth kernel built from this source base and the
 date behind it indicates the time the kernel was built.
 The only way to tune these values is to rebuild the kernel :-)
 
 
 overflowgid & overflowuid
 =========================
 
 if your architecture did not always support 32-bit UIDs (i.e. arm,
 i386, m68k, sh, and sparc32), a fixed UID and GID will be returned to
 applications that use the old 16-bit UID/GID system calls, if the
 actual UID or GID would exceed 65535.
 
 These sysctls allow you to change the value of the fixed UID and GID.
 The default is 65534.
 
 
 panic
 =====
 
 The value in this file determines the behaviour of the kernel on a
 panic:
 
 * if zero, the kernel will loop forever;
 * if negative, the kernel will reboot immediately;
 * if positive, the kernel will reboot after the corresponding number
   of seconds.
 
 When you use the software watchdog, the recommended setting is 60.
 
 
 panic_on_io_nmi
 ===============
 
 Controls the kernel's behavior when a CPU receives an NMI caused by
 an IO error.
 
 = ==================================================================
 0 Try to continue operation (default).
 1 Panic immediately. The IO error triggered an NMI. This indicates a
   serious system condition which could result in IO data corruption.
   Rather than continuing, panicking might be a better choice. Some
   servers issue this sort of NMI when the dump button is pushed,
   and you can use this option to take a crash dump.
 = ==================================================================
 
 
 panic_on_oops
 =============
 
 Controls the kernel's behaviour when an oops or BUG is encountered.
 
 = ===================================================================
 0 Try to continue operation.
 1 Panic immediately.  If the `panic` sysctl is also non-zero then the
   machine will be rebooted.
 = ===================================================================
 
 
 panic_on_stackoverflow
 ======================
 
 Controls the kernel's behavior when detecting the overflows of
 kernel, IRQ and exception stacks except a user stack.
 This file shows up if ``CONFIG_DEBUG_STACKOVERFLOW`` is enabled.
 
 = ==========================
 0 Try to continue operation.
 1 Panic immediately.
 = ==========================
 
 
 panic_on_unrecovered_nmi
 ========================
 
 The default Linux behaviour on an NMI of either memory or unknown is
 to continue operation. For many environments such as scientific
 computing it is preferable that the box is taken out and the error
 dealt with than an uncorrected parity/ECC error get propagated.
 
 A small number of systems do generate NMIs for bizarre random reasons
 such as power management so the default is off. That sysctl works like
 the existing panic controls already in that directory.
 
 
 panic_on_warn
 =============
 
 Calls panic() in the WARN() path when set to 1.  This is useful to avoid
 a kernel rebuild when attempting to kdump at the location of a WARN().
 
 = ================================================
 0 Only WARN(), default behaviour.
 1 Call panic() after printing out WARN() location.
 = ================================================
 
 
 panic_print
 ===========
 
 Bitmask for printing system info when panic happens. User can chose
 combination of the following bits:
 
 =====  ============================================
 bit 0  print all tasks info
 bit 1  print system memory info
 bit 2  print timer info
 bit 3  print locks info if ``CONFIG_LOCKDEP`` is on
 bit 4  print ftrace buffer
 bit 5  print all printk messages in buffer
 bit 6  print all CPUs backtrace (if available in the arch)
 =====  ============================================
 
 So for example to print tasks and memory info on panic, user can::
 
   echo 3 > /proc/sys/kernel/panic_print
 
 
 panic_on_rcu_stall
 ==================
 
 When set to 1, calls panic() after RCU stall detection messages. This
 is useful to define the root cause of RCU stalls using a vmcore.
 
 = ============================================================
 0 Do not panic() when RCU stall takes place, default behavior.
 1 panic() after printing RCU stall messages.
 = ============================================================
 
 max_rcu_stall_to_panic
 ======================
 
 When ``panic_on_rcu_stall`` is set to 1, this value determines the
 number of times that RCU can stall before panic() is called.
 
 When ``panic_on_rcu_stall`` is set to 0, this value is has no effect.
 
 perf_cpu_time_max_percent
 =========================
 
 Hints to the kernel how much CPU time it should be allowed to
 use to handle perf sampling events.  If the perf subsystem
 is informed that its samples are exceeding this limit, it
 will drop its sampling frequency to attempt to reduce its CPU
 usage.
 
 Some perf sampling happens in NMIs.  If these samples
 unexpectedly take too long to execute, the NMIs can become
 stacked up next to each other so much that nothing else is
 allowed to execute.
 
 ===== ========================================================
 0     Disable the mechanism.  Do not monitor or correct perf's
       sampling rate no matter how CPU time it takes.
 
 1-100 Attempt to throttle perf's sample rate to this
       percentage of CPU.  Note: the kernel calculates an
       "expected" length of each sample event.  100 here means
       100% of that expected length.  Even if this is set to
       100, you may still see sample throttling if this
       length is exceeded.  Set to 0 if you truly do not care
       how much CPU is consumed.
 ===== ========================================================
 
 
 perf_event_paranoid
 ===================
 
 Controls use of the performance events system by unprivileged
 users (without CAP_PERFMON).  The default value is 2.
 
 For backward compatibility reasons access to system performance
 monitoring and observability remains open for CAP_SYS_ADMIN
 privileged processes but CAP_SYS_ADMIN usage for secure system
 performance monitoring and observability operations is discouraged
 with respect to CAP_PERFMON use cases.
 
 ===  ==================================================================
  -1  Allow use of (almost) all events by all users.
 
      Ignore mlock limit after perf_event_mlock_kb without
      ``CAP_IPC_LOCK``.
 
 >=0  Disallow ftrace function tracepoint by users without
      ``CAP_PERFMON``.
 
      Disallow raw tracepoint access by users without ``CAP_PERFMON``.
 
 >=1  Disallow CPU event access by users without ``CAP_PERFMON``.
 
 >=2  Disallow kernel profiling by users without ``CAP_PERFMON``.
 ===  ==================================================================
 
 
 perf_event_max_stack
 ====================
 
 Controls maximum number of stack frames to copy for (``attr.sample_type &
 PERF_SAMPLE_CALLCHAIN``) configured events, for instance, when using
 '``perf record -g``' or '``perf trace --call-graph fp``'.
 
 This can only be done when no events are in use that have callchains
 enabled, otherwise writing to this file will return ``-EBUSY``.
 
 The default value is 127.
 
 
 perf_event_mlock_kb
 ===================
 
 Control size of per-cpu ring buffer not counted against mlock limit.
 
 The default value is 512 + 1 page
 
 
 perf_event_max_contexts_per_stack
 =================================
 
 Controls maximum number of stack frame context entries for
 (``attr.sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_CALLCHAIN``) configured events, for
 instance, when using '``perf record -g``' or '``perf trace --call-graph fp``'.
 
 This can only be done when no events are in use that have callchains
 enabled, otherwise writing to this file will return ``-EBUSY``.
 
 The default value is 8.
 
 
 perf_user_access (arm64 only)
 =================================
 
 Controls user space access for reading perf event counters. When set to 1,
 user space can read performance monitor counter registers directly.
 
 The default value is 0 (access disabled).
 
 See Documentation/arm64/perf.rst for more information.
 
 
 pid_max
 =======
 
 PID allocation wrap value.  When the kernel's next PID value
 reaches this value, it wraps back to a minimum PID value.
 PIDs of value ``pid_max`` or larger are not allocated.
 
 
 ns_last_pid
 ===========
 
 The last pid allocated in the current (the one task using this sysctl
 lives in) pid namespace. When selecting a pid for a next task on fork
 kernel tries to allocate a number starting from this one.
 
 
 powersave-nap (PPC only)
 ========================
 
 If set, Linux-PPC will use the 'nap' mode of powersaving,
 otherwise the 'doze' mode will be used.
 
 
 ==============================================================
 
 printk
 ======
 
 The four values in printk denote: ``console_loglevel``,
 ``default_message_loglevel``, ``minimum_console_loglevel`` and
 ``default_console_loglevel`` respectively.
 
 These values influence printk() behavior when printing or
 logging error messages. See '``man 2 syslog``' for more info on
 the different loglevels.
 
 ======================== =====================================
 console_loglevel         messages with a higher priority than
                          this will be printed to the console
 default_message_loglevel messages without an explicit priority
                          will be printed with this priority
 minimum_console_loglevel minimum (highest) value to which
                          console_loglevel can be set
 default_console_loglevel default value for console_loglevel
 ======================== =====================================
 
 
 printk_delay
 ============
 
 Delay each printk message in ``printk_delay`` milliseconds
 
 Value from 0 - 10000 is allowed.
 
 
 printk_ratelimit
 ================
 
 Some warning messages are rate limited. ``printk_ratelimit`` specifies
 the minimum length of time between these messages (in seconds).
 The default value is 5 seconds.
 
 A value of 0 will disable rate limiting.
 
 
 printk_ratelimit_burst
 ======================
 
 While long term we enforce one message per `printk_ratelimit`_
 seconds, we do allow a burst of messages to pass through.
 ``printk_ratelimit_burst`` specifies the number of messages we can
 send before ratelimiting kicks in.
 
 The default value is 10 messages.
 
 
 printk_devkmsg
 ==============
 
 Control the logging to ``/dev/kmsg`` from userspace:
 
 ========= =============================================
 ratelimit default, ratelimited
 on        unlimited logging to /dev/kmsg from userspace
 off       logging to /dev/kmsg disabled
 ========= =============================================
 
 The kernel command line parameter ``printk.devkmsg=`` overrides this and is
 a one-time setting until next reboot: once set, it cannot be changed by
 this sysctl interface anymore.
 
 ==============================================================
 
 
 pty
 ===
 
 See Documentation/filesystems/devpts.rst.
 
 
 random
 ======
 
 This is a directory, with the following entries:
 
 * ``boot_id``: a UUID generated the first time this is retrieved, and
   unvarying after that;
 
 * ``uuid``: a UUID generated every time this is retrieved (this can
   thus be used to generate UUIDs at will);
 
 * ``entropy_avail``: the pool's entropy count, in bits;
 
 * ``poolsize``: the entropy pool size, in bits;
 
 * ``urandom_min_reseed_secs``: obsolete (used to determine the minimum
   number of seconds between urandom pool reseeding). This file is
   writable for compatibility purposes, but writing to it has no effect
   on any RNG behavior;
 
 * ``write_wakeup_threshold``: when the entropy count drops below this
   (as a number of bits), processes waiting to write to ``/dev/random``
   are woken up. This file is writable for compatibility purposes, but
   writing to it has no effect on any RNG behavior.
 
 
 randomize_va_space
 ==================
 
 This option can be used to select the type of process address
 space randomization that is used in the system, for architectures
 that support this feature.
 
 ==  ===========================================================================
 0   Turn the process address space randomization off.  This is the
     default for architectures that do not support this feature anyways,
     and kernels that are booted with the "norandmaps" parameter.
 
 1   Make the addresses of mmap base, stack and VDSO page randomized.
     This, among other things, implies that shared libraries will be
     loaded to random addresses.  Also for PIE-linked binaries, the
     location of code start is randomized.  This is the default if the
     ``CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK`` option is enabled.
 
 2   Additionally enable heap randomization.  This is the default if
     ``CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK`` is disabled.
 
     There are a few legacy applications out there (such as some ancient
     versions of libc.so.5 from 1996) that assume that brk area starts
     just after the end of the code+bss.  These applications break when
     start of the brk area is randomized.  There are however no known
     non-legacy applications that would be broken this way, so for most
     systems it is safe to choose full randomization.
 
     Systems with ancient and/or broken binaries should be configured
     with ``CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK`` enabled, which excludes the heap from process
     address space randomization.
 ==  ===========================================================================
 
 
 real-root-dev
 =============
 
 See Documentation/admin-guide/initrd.rst.
 
 
 reboot-cmd (SPARC only)
 =======================
 
 ??? This seems to be a way to give an argument to the Sparc
 ROM/Flash boot loader. Maybe to tell it what to do after
 rebooting. ???
 
 
 sched_energy_aware
 ==================
 
 Enables/disables Energy Aware Scheduling (EAS). EAS starts
 automatically on platforms where it can run (that is,
 platforms with asymmetric CPU topologies and having an Energy
 Model available). If your platform happens to meet the
 requirements for EAS but you do not want to use it, change
 this value to 0.
 
 task_delayacct
 ===============
 
 Enables/disables task delay accounting (see
 Documentation/accounting/delay-accounting.rst. Enabling this feature incurs
 a small amount of overhead in the scheduler but is useful for debugging
 and performance tuning. It is required by some tools such as iotop.
 
 sched_schedstats
 ================
 
 Enables/disables scheduler statistics. Enabling this feature
 incurs a small amount of overhead in the scheduler but is
 useful for debugging and performance tuning.
 
 sched_util_clamp_min
 ====================
 
 Max allowed *minimum* utilization.
 
 Default value is 1024, which is the maximum possible value.
 
 It means that any requested uclamp.min value cannot be greater than
 sched_util_clamp_min, i.e., it is restricted to the range
 [0:sched_util_clamp_min].
 
 sched_util_clamp_max
 ====================
 
 Max allowed *maximum* utilization.
 
 Default value is 1024, which is the maximum possible value.
 
 It means that any requested uclamp.max value cannot be greater than
 sched_util_clamp_max, i.e., it is restricted to the range
 [0:sched_util_clamp_max].
 
 sched_util_clamp_min_rt_default
 ===============================
 
 By default Linux is tuned for performance. Which means that RT tasks always run
 at the highest frequency and most capable (highest capacity) CPU (in
 heterogeneous systems).
 
 Uclamp achieves this by setting the requested uclamp.min of all RT tasks to
 1024 by default, which effectively boosts the tasks to run at the highest
 frequency and biases them to run on the biggest CPU.
 
 This knob allows admins to change the default behavior when uclamp is being
 used. In battery powered devices particularly, running at the maximum
 capacity and frequency will increase energy consumption and shorten the battery
 life.
 
 This knob is only effective for RT tasks which the user hasn't modified their
 requested uclamp.min value via sched_setattr() syscall.
 
 This knob will not escape the range constraint imposed by sched_util_clamp_min
 defined above.
 
 For example if
 
         sched_util_clamp_min_rt_default = 800
         sched_util_clamp_min = 600
 
 Then the boost will be clamped to 600 because 800 is outside of the permissible
 range of [0:600]. This could happen for instance if a powersave mode will
 restrict all boosts temporarily by modifying sched_util_clamp_min. As soon as
 this restriction is lifted, the requested sched_util_clamp_min_rt_default
 will take effect.
 
 seccomp
 =======
 
 See Documentation/userspace-api/seccomp_filter.rst.
 
 
 sg-big-buff
 ===========
 
 This file shows the size of the generic SCSI (sg) buffer.
 You can't tune it just yet, but you could change it on
 compile time by editing ``include/scsi/sg.h`` and changing
 the value of ``SG_BIG_BUFF``.
 
 There shouldn't be any reason to change this value. If
 you can come up with one, you probably know what you
 are doing anyway :)
 
 
 shmall
 ======
 
 This parameter sets the total amount of shared memory pages that
 can be used system wide. Hence, ``shmall`` should always be at least
 ``ceil(shmmax/PAGE_SIZE)``.
 
 If you are not sure what the default ``PAGE_SIZE`` is on your Linux
 system, you can run the following command::
 
         # getconf PAGE_SIZE
 
 
 shmmax
 ======
 
 This value can be used to query and set the run time limit
 on the maximum shared memory segment size that can be created.
 Shared memory segments up to 1Gb are now supported in the
 kernel.  This value defaults to ``SHMMAX``.
 
 
 shmmni
 ======
 
 This value determines the maximum number of shared memory segments.
 4096 by default (``SHMMNI``).
 
 
 shm_rmid_forced
 ===============
 
 Linux lets you set resource limits, including how much memory one
 process can consume, via ``setrlimit(2)``.  Unfortunately, shared memory
 segments are allowed to exist without association with any process, and
 thus might not be counted against any resource limits.  If enabled,
 shared memory segments are automatically destroyed when their attach
 count becomes zero after a detach or a process termination.  It will
 also destroy segments that were created, but never attached to, on exit
 from the process.  The only use left for ``IPC_RMID`` is to immediately
 destroy an unattached segment.  Of course, this breaks the way things are
 defined, so some applications might stop working.  Note that this
 feature will do you no good unless you also configure your resource
 limits (in particular, ``RLIMIT_AS`` and ``RLIMIT_NPROC``).  Most systems don't
 need this.
 
 Note that if you change this from 0 to 1, already created segments
 without users and with a dead originative process will be destroyed.
 
 
 sysctl_writes_strict
 ====================
 
 Control how file position affects the behavior of updating sysctl values
 via the ``/proc/sys`` interface:
 
   ==   ======================================================================
   -1   Legacy per-write sysctl value handling, with no printk warnings.
        Each write syscall must fully contain the sysctl value to be
        written, and multiple writes on the same sysctl file descriptor
        will rewrite the sysctl value, regardless of file position.
    0   Same behavior as above, but warn about processes that perform writes
        to a sysctl file descriptor when the file position is not 0.
    1   (default) Respect file position when writing sysctl strings. Multiple
        writes will append to the sysctl value buffer. Anything past the max
        length of the sysctl value buffer will be ignored. Writes to numeric
        sysctl entries must always be at file position 0 and the value must
        be fully contained in the buffer sent in the write syscall.
   ==   ======================================================================
 
 
 softlockup_all_cpu_backtrace
 ============================
 
 This value controls the soft lockup detector thread's behavior
 when a soft lockup condition is detected as to whether or not
 to gather further debug information. If enabled, each cpu will
 be issued an NMI and instructed to capture stack trace.
 
 This feature is only applicable for architectures which support
 NMI.
 
 = ============================================
 0 Do nothing. This is the default behavior.
 1 On detection capture more debug information.
 = ============================================
 
 
 softlockup_panic
 =================
 
 This parameter can be used to control whether the kernel panics
 when a soft lockup is detected.
 
 = ============================================
 0 Don't panic on soft lockup.
 1 Panic on soft lockup.
 = ============================================
 
 This can also be set using the softlockup_panic kernel parameter.
 
 
 soft_watchdog
 =============
 
 This parameter can be used to control the soft lockup detector.
 
 = =================================
 0 Disable the soft lockup detector.
 1 Enable the soft lockup detector.
 = =================================
 
 The soft lockup detector monitors CPUs for threads that are hogging the CPUs
 without rescheduling voluntarily, and thus prevent the 'migration/N' threads
 from running, causing the watchdog work fail to execute. The mechanism depends
 on the CPUs ability to respond to timer interrupts which are needed for the
 watchdog work to be queued by the watchdog timer function, otherwise the NMI
 watchdog — if enabled — can detect a hard lockup condition.
 
 
 stack_erasing
 =============
 
 This parameter can be used to control kernel stack erasing at the end
 of syscalls for kernels built with ``CONFIG_GCC_PLUGIN_STACKLEAK``.
 
 That erasing reduces the information which kernel stack leak bugs
 can reveal and blocks some uninitialized stack variable attacks.
 The tradeoff is the performance impact: on a single CPU system kernel
 compilation sees a 1% slowdown, other systems and workloads may vary.
 
 = ====================================================================
 0 Kernel stack erasing is disabled, STACKLEAK_METRICS are not updated.
 1 Kernel stack erasing is enabled (default), it is performed before
   returning to the userspace at the end of syscalls.
 = ====================================================================
 
 
 stop-a (SPARC only)
 ===================
 
 Controls Stop-A:
 
 = ====================================
 0 Stop-A has no effect.
 1 Stop-A breaks to the PROM (default).
 = ====================================
 
 Stop-A is always enabled on a panic, so that the user can return to
 the boot PROM.
 
 
 sysrq
 =====
 
 See Documentation/admin-guide/sysrq.rst.
 
 
 tainted
 =======
 
 Non-zero if the kernel has been tainted. Numeric values, which can be
 ORed together. The letters are seen in "Tainted" line of Oops reports.
 
 ======  =====  ==============================================================
      1  `(P)`  proprietary module was loaded
      2  `(F)`  module was force loaded
      4  `(S)`  kernel running on an out of specification system
      8  `(R)`  module was force unloaded
     16  `(M)`  processor reported a Machine Check Exception (MCE)
     32  `(B)`  bad page referenced or some unexpected page flags
     64  `(U)`  taint requested by userspace application
    128  `(D)`  kernel died recently, i.e. there was an OOPS or BUG
    256  `(A)`  an ACPI table was overridden by user
    512  `(W)`  kernel issued warning
   1024  `(C)`  staging driver was loaded
   2048  `(I)`  workaround for bug in platform firmware applied
   4096  `(O)`  externally-built ("out-of-tree") module was loaded
   8192  `(E)`  unsigned module was loaded
  16384  `(L)`  soft lockup occurred
  32768  `(K)`  kernel has been live patched
  65536  `(X)`  Auxiliary taint, defined and used by for distros
 131072  `(T)`  The kernel was built with the struct randomization plugin
 ======  =====  ==============================================================
 
 See Documentation/admin-guide/tainted-kernels.rst for more information.
 
 Note:
   writes to this sysctl interface will fail with ``EINVAL`` if the kernel is
   booted with the command line option ``panic_on_taint=<bitmask>,nousertaint``
   and any of the ORed together values being written to ``tainted`` match with
   the bitmask declared on panic_on_taint.
   See Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.rst for more details on
   that particular kernel command line option and its optional
   ``nousertaint`` switch.
 
 threads-max
 ===========
 
 This value controls the maximum number of threads that can be created
 using ``fork()``.
 
 During initialization the kernel sets this value such that even if the
 maximum number of threads is created, the thread structures occupy only
 a part (1/8th) of the available RAM pages.
 
 The minimum value that can be written to ``threads-max`` is 1.
 
 The maximum value that can be written to ``threads-max`` is given by the
 constant ``FUTEX_TID_MASK`` (0x3fffffff).
 
 If a value outside of this range is written to ``threads-max`` an
 ``EINVAL`` error occurs.
 
 
 traceoff_on_warning
 ===================
 
 When set, disables tracing (see Documentation/trace/ftrace.rst) when a
 ``WARN()`` is hit.
 
 
 tracepoint_printk
 =================
 
 When tracepoints are sent to printk() (enabled by the ``tp_printk``
 boot parameter), this entry provides runtime control::
 
     echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/tracepoint_printk
 
 will stop tracepoints from being sent to printk(), and::
 
     echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/tracepoint_printk
 
 will send them to printk() again.
 
 This only works if the kernel was booted with ``tp_printk`` enabled.
 
 See Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.rst and
 Documentation/trace/boottime-trace.rst.
 
 
 .. _unaligned-dump-stack:
 
 unaligned-dump-stack (ia64)
 ===========================
 
 When logging unaligned accesses, controls whether the stack is
 dumped.
 
 = ===================================================
 0 Do not dump the stack. This is the default setting.
 1 Dump the stack.
 = ===================================================
 
 See also `ignore-unaligned-usertrap`_.
 
 
 unaligned-trap
 ==============
 
 On architectures where unaligned accesses cause traps, and where this
 feature is supported (``CONFIG_SYSCTL_ARCH_UNALIGN_ALLOW``; currently,
 ``arc`` and ``parisc``), controls whether unaligned traps are caught
 and emulated (instead of failing).
 
 = ========================================================
 0 Do not emulate unaligned accesses.
 1 Emulate unaligned accesses. This is the default setting.
 = ========================================================
 
 See also `ignore-unaligned-usertrap`_.
 
 
 unknown_nmi_panic
 =================
 
 The value in this file affects behavior of handling NMI. When the
 value is non-zero, unknown NMI is trapped and then panic occurs. At
 that time, kernel debugging information is displayed on console.
 
 NMI switch that most IA32 servers have fires unknown NMI up, for
 example.  If a system hangs up, try pressing the NMI switch.
 
 
 unprivileged_bpf_disabled
 =========================
 
 Writing 1 to this entry will disable unprivileged calls to ``bpf()``;
 once disabled, calling ``bpf()`` without ``CAP_SYS_ADMIN`` or ``CAP_BPF``
 will return ``-EPERM``. Once set to 1, this can't be cleared from the
 running kernel anymore.
 
 Writing 2 to this entry will also disable unprivileged calls to ``bpf()``,
 however, an admin can still change this setting later on, if needed, by
 writing 0 or 1 to this entry.
 
 If ``BPF_UNPRIV_DEFAULT_OFF`` is enabled in the kernel config, then this
 entry will default to 2 instead of 0.
 
 = =============================================================
 0 Unprivileged calls to ``bpf()`` are enabled
 1 Unprivileged calls to ``bpf()`` are disabled without recovery
 2 Unprivileged calls to ``bpf()`` are disabled
 = =============================================================
 
 watchdog
 ========
 
 This parameter can be used to disable or enable the soft lockup detector
 *and* the NMI watchdog (i.e. the hard lockup detector) at the same time.
 
 = ==============================
 0 Disable both lockup detectors.
 1 Enable both lockup detectors.
 = ==============================
 
 The soft lockup detector and the NMI watchdog can also be disabled or
 enabled individually, using the ``soft_watchdog`` and ``nmi_watchdog``
 parameters.
 If the ``watchdog`` parameter is read, for example by executing::
 
    cat /proc/sys/kernel/watchdog
 
 the output of this command (0 or 1) shows the logical OR of
 ``soft_watchdog`` and ``nmi_watchdog``.
 
 
 watchdog_cpumask
 ================
 
 This value can be used to control on which cpus the watchdog may run.
 The default cpumask is all possible cores, but if ``NO_HZ_FULL`` is
 enabled in the kernel config, and cores are specified with the
 ``nohz_full=`` boot argument, those cores are excluded by default.
 Offline cores can be included in this mask, and if the core is later
 brought online, the watchdog will be started based on the mask value.
 
 Typically this value would only be touched in the ``nohz_full`` case
 to re-enable cores that by default were not running the watchdog,
 if a kernel lockup was suspected on those cores.
 
 The argument value is the standard cpulist format for cpumasks,
 so for example to enable the watchdog on cores 0, 2, 3, and 4 you
 might say::
 
   echo 0,2-4 > /proc/sys/kernel/watchdog_cpumask
 
 
 watchdog_thresh
 ===============
 
 This value can be used to control the frequency of hrtimer and NMI
 events and the soft and hard lockup thresholds. The default threshold
 is 10 seconds.
 
 The softlockup threshold is (``2 * watchdog_thresh``). Setting this
 tunable to zero will disable lockup detection altogether.

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