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 ==========================
 Memory Resource Controller
 ==========================
 
 NOTE:
       This document is hopelessly outdated and it asks for a complete
       rewrite. It still contains a useful information so we are keeping it
       here but make sure to check the current code if you need a deeper
       understanding.
 
 NOTE:
       The Memory Resource Controller has generically been referred to as the
       memory controller in this document. Do not confuse memory controller
       used here with the memory controller that is used in hardware.
 
 (For editors) In this document:
       When we mention a cgroup (cgroupfs's directory) with memory controller,
       we call it "memory cgroup". When you see git-log and source code, you'll
       see patch's title and function names tend to use "memcg".
       In this document, we avoid using it.
 
 Benefits and Purpose of the memory controller
 =============================================
 
 The memory controller isolates the memory behaviour of a group of tasks
 from the rest of the system. The article on LWN [12] mentions some probable
 uses of the memory controller. The memory controller can be used to
 
 a. Isolate an application or a group of applications
    Memory-hungry applications can be isolated and limited to a smaller
    amount of memory.
 b. Create a cgroup with a limited amount of memory; this can be used
    as a good alternative to booting with mem=XXXX.
 c. Virtualization solutions can control the amount of memory they want
    to assign to a virtual machine instance.
 d. A CD/DVD burner could control the amount of memory used by the
    rest of the system to ensure that burning does not fail due to lack
    of available memory.
 e. There are several other use cases; find one or use the controller just
    for fun (to learn and hack on the VM subsystem).
 
 Current Status: linux-2.6.34-mmotm(development version of 2010/April)
 
 Features:
 
  - accounting anonymous pages, file caches, swap caches usage and limiting them.
  - pages are linked to per-memcg LRU exclusively, and there is no global LRU.
  - optionally, memory+swap usage can be accounted and limited.
  - hierarchical accounting
  - soft limit
  - moving (recharging) account at moving a task is selectable.
  - usage threshold notifier
  - memory pressure notifier
  - oom-killer disable knob and oom-notifier
  - Root cgroup has no limit controls.
 
  Kernel memory support is a work in progress, and the current version provides
  basically functionality. (See Section 2.7)
 
 Brief summary of control files.
 
 ==================================== ==========================================
  tasks                               attach a task(thread) and show list of
                                      threads
  cgroup.procs                        show list of processes
  cgroup.event_control                an interface for event_fd()
                                      This knob is not available on CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT systems.
  memory.usage_in_bytes               show current usage for memory
                                      (See 5.5 for details)
  memory.memsw.usage_in_bytes         show current usage for memory+Swap
                                      (See 5.5 for details)
  memory.limit_in_bytes               set/show limit of memory usage
  memory.memsw.limit_in_bytes         set/show limit of memory+Swap usage
  memory.failcnt                      show the number of memory usage hits limits
  memory.memsw.failcnt                show the number of memory+Swap hits limits
  memory.max_usage_in_bytes           show max memory usage recorded
  memory.memsw.max_usage_in_bytes     show max memory+Swap usage recorded
  memory.soft_limit_in_bytes          set/show soft limit of memory usage
                                      This knob is not available on CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT systems.
  memory.stat                         show various statistics
  memory.use_hierarchy                set/show hierarchical account enabled
                                      This knob is deprecated and shouldn't be
                                      used.
  memory.force_empty                  trigger forced page reclaim
  memory.pressure_level               set memory pressure notifications
  memory.swappiness                   set/show swappiness parameter of vmscan
                                      (See sysctl's vm.swappiness)
  memory.move_charge_at_immigrate     set/show controls of moving charges
  memory.oom_control                  set/show oom controls.
  memory.numa_stat                    show the number of memory usage per numa
                                      node
  memory.kmem.limit_in_bytes          This knob is deprecated and writing to
                                      it will return -ENOTSUPP.
  memory.kmem.usage_in_bytes          show current kernel memory allocation
  memory.kmem.failcnt                 show the number of kernel memory usage
                                      hits limits
  memory.kmem.max_usage_in_bytes      show max kernel memory usage recorded
 
  memory.kmem.tcp.limit_in_bytes      set/show hard limit for tcp buf memory
  memory.kmem.tcp.usage_in_bytes      show current tcp buf memory allocation
  memory.kmem.tcp.failcnt             show the number of tcp buf memory usage
                                      hits limits
  memory.kmem.tcp.max_usage_in_bytes  show max tcp buf memory usage recorded
 ==================================== ==========================================
 
 1. History
 ==========
 
 The memory controller has a long history. A request for comments for the memory
 controller was posted by Balbir Singh [1]. At the time the RFC was posted
 there were several implementations for memory control. The goal of the
 RFC was to build consensus and agreement for the minimal features required
 for memory control. The first RSS controller was posted by Balbir Singh[2]
 in Feb 2007. Pavel Emelianov [3][4][5] has since posted three versions of the
 RSS controller. At OLS, at the resource management BoF, everyone suggested
 that we handle both page cache and RSS together. Another request was raised
 to allow user space handling of OOM. The current memory controller is
 at version 6; it combines both mapped (RSS) and unmapped Page
 Cache Control [11].
 
 2. Memory Control
 =================
 
 Memory is a unique resource in the sense that it is present in a limited
 amount. If a task requires a lot of CPU processing, the task can spread
 its processing over a period of hours, days, months or years, but with
 memory, the same physical memory needs to be reused to accomplish the task.
 
 The memory controller implementation has been divided into phases. These
 are:
 
 1. Memory controller
 2. mlock(2) controller
 3. Kernel user memory accounting and slab control
 4. user mappings length controller
 
 The memory controller is the first controller developed.
 
 2.1. Design
 -----------
 
 The core of the design is a counter called the page_counter. The
 page_counter tracks the current memory usage and limit of the group of
 processes associated with the controller. Each cgroup has a memory controller
 specific data structure (mem_cgroup) associated with it.
 
 2.2. Accounting
 ---------------
 
 ::
 
                 +--------------------+
                 |  mem_cgroup        |
                 |  (page_counter)    |
                 +--------------------+
                  /            ^      \
                 /             |       \
            +---------------+  |        +---------------+
            | mm_struct     |  |....    | mm_struct     |
            |               |  |        |               |
            +---------------+  |        +---------------+
                               |
                               + --------------+
                                               |
            +---------------+           +------+--------+
            | page          +---------->  page_cgroup|
            |               |           |               |
            +---------------+           +---------------+
 
              (Figure 1: Hierarchy of Accounting)
 
 
 Figure 1 shows the important aspects of the controller
 
 1. Accounting happens per cgroup
 2. Each mm_struct knows about which cgroup it belongs to
 3. Each page has a pointer to the page_cgroup, which in turn knows the
    cgroup it belongs to
 
 The accounting is done as follows: mem_cgroup_charge_common() is invoked to
 set up the necessary data structures and check if the cgroup that is being
 charged is over its limit. If it is, then reclaim is invoked on the cgroup.
 More details can be found in the reclaim section of this document.
 If everything goes well, a page meta-data-structure called page_cgroup is
 updated. page_cgroup has its own LRU on cgroup.
 (*) page_cgroup structure is allocated at boot/memory-hotplug time.
 
 2.2.1 Accounting details
 ------------------------
 
 All mapped anon pages (RSS) and cache pages (Page Cache) are accounted.
 Some pages which are never reclaimable and will not be on the LRU
 are not accounted. We just account pages under usual VM management.
 
 RSS pages are accounted at page_fault unless they've already been accounted
 for earlier. A file page will be accounted for as Page Cache when it's
 inserted into inode (radix-tree). While it's mapped into the page tables of
 processes, duplicate accounting is carefully avoided.
 
 An RSS page is unaccounted when it's fully unmapped. A PageCache page is
 unaccounted when it's removed from radix-tree. Even if RSS pages are fully
 unmapped (by kswapd), they may exist as SwapCache in the system until they
 are really freed. Such SwapCaches are also accounted.
 A swapped-in page is accounted after adding into swapcache.
 
 Note: The kernel does swapin-readahead and reads multiple swaps at once.
 Since page's memcg recorded into swap whatever memsw enabled, the page will
 be accounted after swapin.
 
 At page migration, accounting information is kept.
 
 Note: we just account pages-on-LRU because our purpose is to control amount
 of used pages; not-on-LRU pages tend to be out-of-control from VM view.
 
 2.3 Shared Page Accounting
 --------------------------
 
 Shared pages are accounted on the basis of the first touch approach. The
 cgroup that first touches a page is accounted for the page. The principle
 behind this approach is that a cgroup that aggressively uses a shared
 page will eventually get charged for it (once it is uncharged from
 the cgroup that brought it in -- this will happen on memory pressure).
 
 But see section 8.2: when moving a task to another cgroup, its pages may
 be recharged to the new cgroup, if move_charge_at_immigrate has been chosen.
 
 2.4 Swap Extension
 --------------------------------------
 
 Swap usage is always recorded for each of cgroup. Swap Extension allows you to
 read and limit it.
 
 When CONFIG_SWAP is enabled, following files are added.
 
  - memory.memsw.usage_in_bytes.
  - memory.memsw.limit_in_bytes.
 
 memsw means memory+swap. Usage of memory+swap is limited by
 memsw.limit_in_bytes.
 
 Example: Assume a system with 4G of swap. A task which allocates 6G of memory
 (by mistake) under 2G memory limitation will use all swap.
 In this case, setting memsw.limit_in_bytes=3G will prevent bad use of swap.
 By using the memsw limit, you can avoid system OOM which can be caused by swap
 shortage.
 
 **why 'memory+swap' rather than swap**
 
 The global LRU(kswapd) can swap out arbitrary pages. Swap-out means
 to move account from memory to swap...there is no change in usage of
 memory+swap. In other words, when we want to limit the usage of swap without
 affecting global LRU, memory+swap limit is better than just limiting swap from
 an OS point of view.
 
 **What happens when a cgroup hits memory.memsw.limit_in_bytes**
 
 When a cgroup hits memory.memsw.limit_in_bytes, it's useless to do swap-out
 in this cgroup. Then, swap-out will not be done by cgroup routine and file
 caches are dropped. But as mentioned above, global LRU can do swapout memory
 from it for sanity of the system's memory management state. You can't forbid
 it by cgroup.
 
 2.5 Reclaim
 -----------
 
 Each cgroup maintains a per cgroup LRU which has the same structure as
 global VM. When a cgroup goes over its limit, we first try
 to reclaim memory from the cgroup so as to make space for the new
 pages that the cgroup has touched. If the reclaim is unsuccessful,
 an OOM routine is invoked to select and kill the bulkiest task in the
 cgroup. (See 10. OOM Control below.)
 
 The reclaim algorithm has not been modified for cgroups, except that
 pages that are selected for reclaiming come from the per-cgroup LRU
 list.
 
 NOTE:
   Reclaim does not work for the root cgroup, since we cannot set any
   limits on the root cgroup.
 
 Note2:
   When panic_on_oom is set to "2", the whole system will panic.
 
 When oom event notifier is registered, event will be delivered.
 (See oom_control section)
 
 2.6 Locking
 -----------
 
 Lock order is as follows:
 
   Page lock (PG_locked bit of page->flags)
     mm->page_table_lock or split pte_lock
       lock_page_memcg (memcg->move_lock)
         mapping->i_pages lock
           lruvec->lru_lock.
 
 Per-node-per-memcgroup LRU (cgroup's private LRU) is guarded by
 lruvec->lru_lock; PG_lru bit of page->flags is cleared before
 isolating a page from its LRU under lruvec->lru_lock.
 
 2.7 Kernel Memory Extension (CONFIG_MEMCG_KMEM)
 -----------------------------------------------
 
 With the Kernel memory extension, the Memory Controller is able to limit
 the amount of kernel memory used by the system. Kernel memory is fundamentally
 different than user memory, since it can't be swapped out, which makes it
 possible to DoS the system by consuming too much of this precious resource.
 
 Kernel memory accounting is enabled for all memory cgroups by default. But
 it can be disabled system-wide by passing cgroup.memory=nokmem to the kernel
 at boot time. In this case, kernel memory will not be accounted at all.
 
 Kernel memory limits are not imposed for the root cgroup. Usage for the root
 cgroup may or may not be accounted. The memory used is accumulated into
 memory.kmem.usage_in_bytes, or in a separate counter when it makes sense.
 (currently only for tcp).
 
 The main "kmem" counter is fed into the main counter, so kmem charges will
 also be visible from the user counter.
 
 Currently no soft limit is implemented for kernel memory. It is future work
 to trigger slab reclaim when those limits are reached.
 
 2.7.1 Current Kernel Memory resources accounted
 -----------------------------------------------
 
 stack pages:
   every process consumes some stack pages. By accounting into
   kernel memory, we prevent new processes from being created when the kernel
   memory usage is too high.
 
 slab pages:
   pages allocated by the SLAB or SLUB allocator are tracked. A copy
   of each kmem_cache is created every time the cache is touched by the first time
   from inside the memcg. The creation is done lazily, so some objects can still be
   skipped while the cache is being created. All objects in a slab page should
   belong to the same memcg. This only fails to hold when a task is migrated to a
   different memcg during the page allocation by the cache.
 
 sockets memory pressure:
   some sockets protocols have memory pressure
   thresholds. The Memory Controller allows them to be controlled individually
   per cgroup, instead of globally.
 
 tcp memory pressure:
   sockets memory pressure for the tcp protocol.
 
 2.7.2 Common use cases
 ----------------------
 
 Because the "kmem" counter is fed to the main user counter, kernel memory can
 never be limited completely independently of user memory. Say "U" is the user
 limit, and "K" the kernel limit. There are three possible ways limits can be
 set:
 
 U != 0, K = unlimited:
     This is the standard memcg limitation mechanism already present before kmem
     accounting. Kernel memory is completely ignored.
 
 U != 0, K < U:
     Kernel memory is a subset of the user memory. This setup is useful in
     deployments where the total amount of memory per-cgroup is overcommitted.
     Overcommitting kernel memory limits is definitely not recommended, since the
     box can still run out of non-reclaimable memory.
     In this case, the admin could set up K so that the sum of all groups is
     never greater than the total memory, and freely set U at the cost of his
     QoS.
 
 WARNING:
     In the current implementation, memory reclaim will NOT be
     triggered for a cgroup when it hits K while staying below U, which makes
     this setup impractical.
 
 U != 0, K >= U:
     Since kmem charges will also be fed to the user counter and reclaim will be
     triggered for the cgroup for both kinds of memory. This setup gives the
     admin a unified view of memory, and it is also useful for people who just
     want to track kernel memory usage.
 
 3. User Interface
 =================
 
 3.0. Configuration
 ------------------
 
 a. Enable CONFIG_CGROUPS
 b. Enable CONFIG_MEMCG
 c. Enable CONFIG_MEMCG_SWAP (to use swap extension)
 d. Enable CONFIG_MEMCG_KMEM (to use kmem extension)
 
 3.1. Prepare the cgroups (see cgroups.txt, Why are cgroups needed?)
 -------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 ::
 
         # mount -t tmpfs none /sys/fs/cgroup
         # mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/memory
         # mount -t cgroup none /sys/fs/cgroup/memory -o memory
 
 3.2. Make the new group and move bash into it::
 
         # mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/0
         # echo $$ > /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/0/tasks
 
 Since now we're in the 0 cgroup, we can alter the memory limit::
 
         # echo 4M > /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/0/memory.limit_in_bytes
 
 NOTE:
   We can use a suffix (k, K, m, M, g or G) to indicate values in kilo,
   mega or gigabytes. (Here, Kilo, Mega, Giga are Kibibytes, Mebibytes,
   Gibibytes.)
 
 NOTE:
   We can write "-1" to reset the ``*.limit_in_bytes(unlimited)``.
 
 NOTE:
   We cannot set limits on the root cgroup any more.
 
 ::
 
   # cat /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/0/memory.limit_in_bytes
   4194304
 
 We can check the usage::
 
   # cat /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/0/memory.usage_in_bytes
   1216512
 
 A successful write to this file does not guarantee a successful setting of
 this limit to the value written into the file. This can be due to a
 number of factors, such as rounding up to page boundaries or the total
 availability of memory on the system. The user is required to re-read
 this file after a write to guarantee the value committed by the kernel::
 
   # echo 1 > memory.limit_in_bytes
   # cat memory.limit_in_bytes
   4096
 
 The memory.failcnt field gives the number of times that the cgroup limit was
 exceeded.
 
 The memory.stat file gives accounting information. Now, the number of
 caches, RSS and Active pages/Inactive pages are shown.
 
 4. Testing
 ==========
 
 For testing features and implementation, see memcg_test.txt.
 
 Performance test is also important. To see pure memory controller's overhead,
 testing on tmpfs will give you good numbers of small overheads.
 Example: do kernel make on tmpfs.
 
 Page-fault scalability is also important. At measuring parallel
 page fault test, multi-process test may be better than multi-thread
 test because it has noise of shared objects/status.
 
 But the above two are testing extreme situations.
 Trying usual test under memory controller is always helpful.
 
 4.1 Troubleshooting
 -------------------
 
 Sometimes a user might find that the application under a cgroup is
 terminated by the OOM killer. There are several causes for this:
 
 1. The cgroup limit is too low (just too low to do anything useful)
 2. The user is using anonymous memory and swap is turned off or too low
 
 A sync followed by echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches will help get rid of
 some of the pages cached in the cgroup (page cache pages).
 
 To know what happens, disabling OOM_Kill as per "10. OOM Control" (below) and
 seeing what happens will be helpful.
 
 4.2 Task migration
 ------------------
 
 When a task migrates from one cgroup to another, its charge is not
 carried forward by default. The pages allocated from the original cgroup still
 remain charged to it, the charge is dropped when the page is freed or
 reclaimed.
 
 You can move charges of a task along with task migration.
 See 8. "Move charges at task migration"
 
 4.3 Removing a cgroup
 ---------------------
 
 A cgroup can be removed by rmdir, but as discussed in sections 4.1 and 4.2, a
 cgroup might have some charge associated with it, even though all
 tasks have migrated away from it. (because we charge against pages, not
 against tasks.)
 
 We move the stats to parent, and no change on the charge except uncharging
 from the child.
 
 Charges recorded in swap information is not updated at removal of cgroup.
 Recorded information is discarded and a cgroup which uses swap (swapcache)
 will be charged as a new owner of it.
 
 5. Misc. interfaces
 ===================
 
 5.1 force_empty
 ---------------
   memory.force_empty interface is provided to make cgroup's memory usage empty.
   When writing anything to this::
 
     # echo 0 > memory.force_empty
 
   the cgroup will be reclaimed and as many pages reclaimed as possible.
 
   The typical use case for this interface is before calling rmdir().
   Though rmdir() offlines memcg, but the memcg may still stay there due to
   charged file caches. Some out-of-use page caches may keep charged until
   memory pressure happens. If you want to avoid that, force_empty will be useful.
 
 5.2 stat file
 -------------
 
 memory.stat file includes following statistics
 
 per-memory cgroup local status
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 =============== ===============================================================
 cache           # of bytes of page cache memory.
 rss             # of bytes of anonymous and swap cache memory (includes
                 transparent hugepages).
 rss_huge        # of bytes of anonymous transparent hugepages.
 mapped_file     # of bytes of mapped file (includes tmpfs/shmem)
 pgpgin          # of charging events to the memory cgroup. The charging
                 event happens each time a page is accounted as either mapped
                 anon page(RSS) or cache page(Page Cache) to the cgroup.
 pgpgout         # of uncharging events to the memory cgroup. The uncharging
                 event happens each time a page is unaccounted from the cgroup.
 swap            # of bytes of swap usage
 dirty           # of bytes that are waiting to get written back to the disk.
 writeback       # of bytes of file/anon cache that are queued for syncing to
                 disk.
 inactive_anon   # of bytes of anonymous and swap cache memory on inactive
                 LRU list.
 active_anon     # of bytes of anonymous and swap cache memory on active
                 LRU list.
 inactive_file   # of bytes of file-backed memory on inactive LRU list.
 active_file     # of bytes of file-backed memory on active LRU list.
 unevictable     # of bytes of memory that cannot be reclaimed (mlocked etc).
 =============== ===============================================================
 
 status considering hierarchy (see memory.use_hierarchy settings)
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 ========================= ===================================================
 hierarchical_memory_limit # of bytes of memory limit with regard to hierarchy
                           under which the memory cgroup is
 hierarchical_memsw_limit  # of bytes of memory+swap limit with regard to
                           hierarchy under which memory cgroup is.
 
 total_<counter>           # hierarchical version of <counter>, which in
                           addition to the cgroup's own value includes the
                           sum of all hierarchical children's values of
                           <counter>, i.e. total_cache
 ========================= ===================================================
 
 The following additional stats are dependent on CONFIG_DEBUG_VM
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 ========================= ========================================
 recent_rotated_anon       VM internal parameter. (see mm/vmscan.c)
 recent_rotated_file       VM internal parameter. (see mm/vmscan.c)
 recent_scanned_anon       VM internal parameter. (see mm/vmscan.c)
 recent_scanned_file       VM internal parameter. (see mm/vmscan.c)
 ========================= ========================================
 
 Memo:
         recent_rotated means recent frequency of LRU rotation.
         recent_scanned means recent # of scans to LRU.
         showing for better debug please see the code for meanings.
 
 Note:
         Only anonymous and swap cache memory is listed as part of 'rss' stat.
         This should not be confused with the true 'resident set size' or the
         amount of physical memory used by the cgroup.
 
         'rss + mapped_file" will give you resident set size of cgroup.
 
         (Note: file and shmem may be shared among other cgroups. In that case,
         mapped_file is accounted only when the memory cgroup is owner of page
         cache.)
 
 5.3 swappiness
 --------------
 
 Overrides /proc/sys/vm/swappiness for the particular group. The tunable
 in the root cgroup corresponds to the global swappiness setting.
 
 Please note that unlike during the global reclaim, limit reclaim
 enforces that 0 swappiness really prevents from any swapping even if
 there is a swap storage available. This might lead to memcg OOM killer
 if there are no file pages to reclaim.
 
 5.4 failcnt
 -----------
 
 A memory cgroup provides memory.failcnt and memory.memsw.failcnt files.
 This failcnt(== failure count) shows the number of times that a usage counter
 hit its limit. When a memory cgroup hits a limit, failcnt increases and
 memory under it will be reclaimed.
 
 You can reset failcnt by writing 0 to failcnt file::
 
         # echo 0 > .../memory.failcnt
 
 5.5 usage_in_bytes
 ------------------
 
 For efficiency, as other kernel components, memory cgroup uses some optimization
 to avoid unnecessary cacheline false sharing. usage_in_bytes is affected by the
 method and doesn't show 'exact' value of memory (and swap) usage, it's a fuzz
 value for efficient access. (Of course, when necessary, it's synchronized.)
 If you want to know more exact memory usage, you should use RSS+CACHE(+SWAP)
 value in memory.stat(see 5.2).
 
 5.6 numa_stat
 -------------
 
 This is similar to numa_maps but operates on a per-memcg basis.  This is
 useful for providing visibility into the numa locality information within
 an memcg since the pages are allowed to be allocated from any physical
 node.  One of the use cases is evaluating application performance by
 combining this information with the application's CPU allocation.
 
 Each memcg's numa_stat file includes "total", "file", "anon" and "unevictable"
 per-node page counts including "hierarchical_<counter>" which sums up all
 hierarchical children's values in addition to the memcg's own value.
 
 The output format of memory.numa_stat is::
 
   total=<total pages> N0=<node 0 pages> N1=<node 1 pages> ...
   file=<total file pages> N0=<node 0 pages> N1=<node 1 pages> ...
   anon=<total anon pages> N0=<node 0 pages> N1=<node 1 pages> ...
   unevictable=<total anon pages> N0=<node 0 pages> N1=<node 1 pages> ...
   hierarchical_<counter>=<counter pages> N0=<node 0 pages> N1=<node 1 pages> ...
 
 The "total" count is sum of file + anon + unevictable.
 
 6. Hierarchy support
 ====================
 
 The memory controller supports a deep hierarchy and hierarchical accounting.
 The hierarchy is created by creating the appropriate cgroups in the
 cgroup filesystem. Consider for example, the following cgroup filesystem
 hierarchy::
 
                root
              /  |   \
             /   |    \
            a    b     c
                       | \
                       |  \
                       d   e
 
 In the diagram above, with hierarchical accounting enabled, all memory
 usage of e, is accounted to its ancestors up until the root (i.e, c and root).
 If one of the ancestors goes over its limit, the reclaim algorithm reclaims
 from the tasks in the ancestor and the children of the ancestor.
 
 6.1 Hierarchical accounting and reclaim
 ---------------------------------------
 
 Hierarchical accounting is enabled by default. Disabling the hierarchical
 accounting is deprecated. An attempt to do it will result in a failure
 and a warning printed to dmesg.
 
 For compatibility reasons writing 1 to memory.use_hierarchy will always pass::
 
         # echo 1 > memory.use_hierarchy
 
 7. Soft limits
 ==============
 
 Soft limits allow for greater sharing of memory. The idea behind soft limits
 is to allow control groups to use as much of the memory as needed, provided
 
 a. There is no memory contention
 b. They do not exceed their hard limit
 
 When the system detects memory contention or low memory, control groups
 are pushed back to their soft limits. If the soft limit of each control
 group is very high, they are pushed back as much as possible to make
 sure that one control group does not starve the others of memory.
 
 Please note that soft limits is a best-effort feature; it comes with
 no guarantees, but it does its best to make sure that when memory is
 heavily contended for, memory is allocated based on the soft limit
 hints/setup. Currently soft limit based reclaim is set up such that
 it gets invoked from balance_pgdat (kswapd).
 
 7.1 Interface
 -------------
 
 Soft limits can be setup by using the following commands (in this example we
 assume a soft limit of 256 MiB)::
 
         # echo 256M > memory.soft_limit_in_bytes
 
 If we want to change this to 1G, we can at any time use::
 
         # echo 1G > memory.soft_limit_in_bytes
 
 NOTE1:
        Soft limits take effect over a long period of time, since they involve
        reclaiming memory for balancing between memory cgroups
 NOTE2:
        It is recommended to set the soft limit always below the hard limit,
        otherwise the hard limit will take precedence.
 
 8. Move charges at task migration
 =================================
 
 Users can move charges associated with a task along with task migration, that
 is, uncharge task's pages from the old cgroup and charge them to the new cgroup.
 This feature is not supported in !CONFIG_MMU environments because of lack of
 page tables.
 
 8.1 Interface
 -------------
 
 This feature is disabled by default. It can be enabled (and disabled again) by
 writing to memory.move_charge_at_immigrate of the destination cgroup.
 
 If you want to enable it::
 
         # echo (some positive value) > memory.move_charge_at_immigrate
 
 Note:
       Each bits of move_charge_at_immigrate has its own meaning about what type
       of charges should be moved. See 8.2 for details.
 Note:
       Charges are moved only when you move mm->owner, in other words,
       a leader of a thread group.
 Note:
       If we cannot find enough space for the task in the destination cgroup, we
       try to make space by reclaiming memory. Task migration may fail if we
       cannot make enough space.
 Note:
       It can take several seconds if you move charges much.
 
 And if you want disable it again::
 
         # echo 0 > memory.move_charge_at_immigrate
 
 8.2 Type of charges which can be moved
 --------------------------------------
 
 Each bit in move_charge_at_immigrate has its own meaning about what type of
 charges should be moved. But in any case, it must be noted that an account of
 a page or a swap can be moved only when it is charged to the task's current
 (old) memory cgroup.
 
 +---+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
 |bit| what type of charges would be moved ?                                    |
 +===+==========================================================================+
 | 0 | A charge of an anonymous page (or swap of it) used by the target task.   |
 |   | You must enable Swap Extension (see 2.4) to enable move of swap charges. |
 +---+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
 | 1 | A charge of file pages (normal file, tmpfs file (e.g. ipc shared memory) |
 |   | and swaps of tmpfs file) mmapped by the target task. Unlike the case of  |
 |   | anonymous pages, file pages (and swaps) in the range mmapped by the task |
 |   | will be moved even if the task hasn't done page fault, i.e. they might   |
 |   | not be the task's "RSS", but other task's "RSS" that maps the same file. |
 |   | And mapcount of the page is ignored (the page can be moved even if       |
 |   | page_mapcount(page) > 1). You must enable Swap Extension (see 2.4) to    |
 |   | enable move of swap charges.                                             |
 +---+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
 
 8.3 TODO
 --------
 
 - All of moving charge operations are done under cgroup_mutex. It's not good
   behavior to hold the mutex too long, so we may need some trick.
 
 9. Memory thresholds
 ====================
 
 Memory cgroup implements memory thresholds using the cgroups notification
 API (see cgroups.txt). It allows to register multiple memory and memsw
 thresholds and gets notifications when it crosses.
 
 To register a threshold, an application must:
 
 - create an eventfd using eventfd(2);
 - open memory.usage_in_bytes or memory.memsw.usage_in_bytes;
 - write string like "<event_fd> <fd of memory.usage_in_bytes> <threshold>" to
   cgroup.event_control.
 
 Application will be notified through eventfd when memory usage crosses
 threshold in any direction.
 
 It's applicable for root and non-root cgroup.
 
 10. OOM Control
 ===============
 
 memory.oom_control file is for OOM notification and other controls.
 
 Memory cgroup implements OOM notifier using the cgroup notification
 API (See cgroups.txt). It allows to register multiple OOM notification
 delivery and gets notification when OOM happens.
 
 To register a notifier, an application must:
 
  - create an eventfd using eventfd(2)
  - open memory.oom_control file
  - write string like "<event_fd> <fd of memory.oom_control>" to
    cgroup.event_control
 
 The application will be notified through eventfd when OOM happens.
 OOM notification doesn't work for the root cgroup.
 
 You can disable the OOM-killer by writing "1" to memory.oom_control file, as:
 
         #echo 1 > memory.oom_control
 
 If OOM-killer is disabled, tasks under cgroup will hang/sleep
 in memory cgroup's OOM-waitqueue when they request accountable memory.
 
 For running them, you have to relax the memory cgroup's OOM status by
 
         * enlarge limit or reduce usage.
 
 To reduce usage,
 
         * kill some tasks.
         * move some tasks to other group with account migration.
         * remove some files (on tmpfs?)
 
 Then, stopped tasks will work again.
 
 At reading, current status of OOM is shown.
 
         - oom_kill_disable 0 or 1
           (if 1, oom-killer is disabled)
         - under_oom        0 or 1
           (if 1, the memory cgroup is under OOM, tasks may be stopped.)
         - oom_kill         integer counter
           The number of processes belonging to this cgroup killed by any
           kind of OOM killer.
 
 11. Memory Pressure
 ===================
 
 The pressure level notifications can be used to monitor the memory
 allocation cost; based on the pressure, applications can implement
 different strategies of managing their memory resources. The pressure
 levels are defined as following:
 
 The "low" level means that the system is reclaiming memory for new
 allocations. Monitoring this reclaiming activity might be useful for
 maintaining cache level. Upon notification, the program (typically
 "Activity Manager") might analyze vmstat and act in advance (i.e.
 prematurely shutdown unimportant services).
 
 The "medium" level means that the system is experiencing medium memory
 pressure, the system might be making swap, paging out active file caches,
 etc. Upon this event applications may decide to further analyze
 vmstat/zoneinfo/memcg or internal memory usage statistics and free any
 resources that can be easily reconstructed or re-read from a disk.
 
 The "critical" level means that the system is actively thrashing, it is
 about to out of memory (OOM) or even the in-kernel OOM killer is on its
 way to trigger. Applications should do whatever they can to help the
 system. It might be too late to consult with vmstat or any other
 statistics, so it's advisable to take an immediate action.
 
 By default, events are propagated upward until the event is handled, i.e. the
 events are not pass-through. For example, you have three cgroups: A->B->C. Now
 you set up an event listener on cgroups A, B and C, and suppose group C
 experiences some pressure. In this situation, only group C will receive the
 notification, i.e. groups A and B will not receive it. This is done to avoid
 excessive "broadcasting" of messages, which disturbs the system and which is
 especially bad if we are low on memory or thrashing. Group B, will receive
 notification only if there are no event listers for group C.
 
 There are three optional modes that specify different propagation behavior:
 
  - "default": this is the default behavior specified above. This mode is the
    same as omitting the optional mode parameter, preserved by backwards
    compatibility.
 
  - "hierarchy": events always propagate up to the root, similar to the default
    behavior, except that propagation continues regardless of whether there are
    event listeners at each level, with the "hierarchy" mode. In the above
    example, groups A, B, and C will receive notification of memory pressure.
 
  - "local": events are pass-through, i.e. they only receive notifications when
    memory pressure is experienced in the memcg for which the notification is
    registered. In the above example, group C will receive notification if
    registered for "local" notification and the group experiences memory
    pressure. However, group B will never receive notification, regardless if
    there is an event listener for group C or not, if group B is registered for
    local notification.
 
 The level and event notification mode ("hierarchy" or "local", if necessary) are
 specified by a comma-delimited string, i.e. "low,hierarchy" specifies
 hierarchical, pass-through, notification for all ancestor memcgs. Notification
 that is the default, non pass-through behavior, does not specify a mode.
 "medium,local" specifies pass-through notification for the medium level.
 
 The file memory.pressure_level is only used to setup an eventfd. To
 register a notification, an application must:
 
 - create an eventfd using eventfd(2);
 - open memory.pressure_level;
 - write string as "<event_fd> <fd of memory.pressure_level> <level[,mode]>"
   to cgroup.event_control.
 
 Application will be notified through eventfd when memory pressure is at
 the specific level (or higher). Read/write operations to
 memory.pressure_level are no implemented.
 
 Test:
 
    Here is a small script example that makes a new cgroup, sets up a
    memory limit, sets up a notification in the cgroup and then makes child
    cgroup experience a critical pressure::
 
         # cd /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/
         # mkdir foo
         # cd foo
         # cgroup_event_listener memory.pressure_level low,hierarchy &
         # echo 8000000 > memory.limit_in_bytes
         # echo 8000000 > memory.memsw.limit_in_bytes
         # echo $$ > tasks
         # dd if=/dev/zero | read x
 
    (Expect a bunch of notifications, and eventually, the oom-killer will
    trigger.)
 
 12. TODO
 ========
 
 1. Make per-cgroup scanner reclaim not-shared pages first
 2. Teach controller to account for shared-pages
 3. Start reclamation in the background when the limit is
    not yet hit but the usage is getting closer
 
 Summary
 =======
 
 Overall, the memory controller has been a stable controller and has been
 commented and discussed quite extensively in the community.
 
 References
 ==========
 
 1. Singh, Balbir. RFC: Memory Controller, http://lwn.net/Articles/206697/
 2. Singh, Balbir. Memory Controller (RSS Control),
    http://lwn.net/Articles/222762/
 3. Emelianov, Pavel. Resource controllers based on process cgroups
    https://lore.kernel.org/r/45ED7DEC.7010403@sw.ru
 4. Emelianov, Pavel. RSS controller based on process cgroups (v2)
    https://lore.kernel.org/r/461A3010.90403@sw.ru
 5. Emelianov, Pavel. RSS controller based on process cgroups (v3)
    https://lore.kernel.org/r/465D9739.8070209@openvz.org
 6. Menage, Paul. Control Groups v10, http://lwn.net/Articles/236032/
 7. Vaidyanathan, Srinivasan, Control Groups: Pagecache accounting and control
    subsystem (v3), http://lwn.net/Articles/235534/
 8. Singh, Balbir. RSS controller v2 test results (lmbench),
    https://lore.kernel.org/r/464C95D4.7070806@linux.vnet.ibm.com
 9. Singh, Balbir. RSS controller v2 AIM9 results
    https://lore.kernel.org/r/464D267A.50107@linux.vnet.ibm.com
 10. Singh, Balbir. Memory controller v6 test results,
     https://lore.kernel.org/r/20070819094658.654.84837.sendpatchset@balbir-laptop
 11. Singh, Balbir. Memory controller introduction (v6),
     https://lore.kernel.org/r/20070817084228.26003.12568.sendpatchset@balbir-laptop
 12. Corbet, Jonathan, Controlling memory use in cgroups,
     http://lwn.net/Articles/243795/

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